{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["social media analysis"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":32,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=social+media+analysis&page=2","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"isdglo-000084","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000084","title":"Deutschland und der angebliche Klimalockdown","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Deutschland-und-der-angebliche-Klimalockdown.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the transition from the term 'climate dictatorship' to 'climate lockdown' in German social media, identifying key political triggers and the role of platforms like Telegram in fusing climate skepticism with broader conspiracy theories such as the Great Reset.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between January 2020 and November 2021, there was a observable shift in right-wing discourse from using the term 'climate dictatorship' (Klimadiktatur) to 'climate lockdown' (Klimalockdown). The latter is considered to have higher mobilization potential because it evokes recent negative experiences from the pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'climate lockdown' narrative gained significant traction following two specific events in 2021: a Federal Constitutional Court ruling in April that found the Climate Protection Act insufficient, and a subsequent statement by Saxon Minister President Michael Kretschmer in May stating that no one wanted a 'climate lockdown'. Both events were instrumentalized by AfD politicians and conspiracy theorists to claim that restrictions on fundamental rights were imminent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"On Telegram, the 'climate lockdown' narrative was frequently merged with the 'Great Reset' conspiracy theory, which posits that a global elite initiated the pandemic to reshape society. In this context, climate lockdowns were depicted as a 'filler' to maintain restrictions once COVID-19 infection rates declined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The narrative was propagated by a variety of actors, including AfD politicians (such as Jörg Meuthen and Alexander Gauland), right-wing influencers, and state-funded media like RT Deutsch. Additionally, some commercial entities used the fear of climate lockdowns to market precious metals as a form of crisis protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that the use of pandemic-related vocabulary as a political weapon is part of a broader effort by right-wing and extremist actors to undermine trust in democratic institutions, driven by a fundamental distrust of government rather than specific policy details.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000084#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate policy","climate change disinformation","climate justice"],"geography_discussed":["World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","narrative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000085","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000085","title":"Disinformation Overdose","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Disinformation-Overdose3.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes over 400,000 social media posts to identify how vaccine disinformation in Germany is spread through interconnected networks of right-wing extremists, conspiracy theorists, and proponents of alternative medicine. It identifies six primary narratives used to undermine trust in vaccines and health institutions, noting a significant increase in followers on platforms like Telegram and Instagram. The study highlights the transition of online disinformation into offline violence and protests, while recommending the involvement of general practitioners as trusted messengers to counter these trends.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Vaccine disinformation channels experienced significant growth between April 2020 and April 2021, with Facebook page followers increasing by 21.2%, Facebook group members by 28.5%, and Instagram followers by 189%. Telegram audiences grew by up to 471%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies six primary narratives used to undermine vaccine trust: 'vaccine deaths' (the most frequent at nearly 16% of posts), conspiracy theories (12.16%), 'mandatory vaccination' (10.45%), discrediting of experts (9.34%), AstraZeneca-specific concerns (9.26%), and 'vaccine damage' (8.20%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a high degree of networking and 'mutual entryism' between diverse groups, including right-wing extremists, QAnon followers, esoteric thinkers, and proponents of alternative medicine, who use the pandemic to recruit followers and spread anti-democratic worldviews.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Online disinformation has manifested in real-world violence and aggression, including an arson attack on the Robert Koch Institute in October 2020 and violent clashes at protests in cities such as Kassel, Stuttgart, and Dresden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'mandatory vaccination' narrative often employs comparisons to National Socialism and the GDR regime to frame the government as a 'coronavirus dictatorship' or 'DDR 2.0'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Expert interviews suggest that general practitioners (GPs) are the most effective messengers for countering vaccine scepticism due to their established personal relationships of trust with patients, contrasting with the anonymity of large vaccination centres.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report notes a 'prevention paradox' where the success of vaccines leads to a lack of understanding of their necessity among the general population, making them more susceptible to disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mainstream media outlets sometimes inadvertently amplify disinformation through misleading headlines or by creating a 'false balance' that gives disproportionate space to a small minority of dissenting voices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000085#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Austria","Switzerland","Kassel","Stuttgart","Dresden","Berlin"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","ethnographic analysis","expert interviews"]},{"id":"isdglo-000106","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000106","title":"Kalter Wind von Rechts: Wie rechte Parteien und Akteur:innen die Klimakrise zu ihren Gunsten missbrauchen","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"de","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ISD_Analyse_Kalter-Wind-Klimadebatte-2021.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes how right-wing actors, particularly the AfD, instrumentalized the climate debate during the 2021 German federal election. It finds that while the AfD published the lowest percentage of climate-related content, its posts achieved significantly higher engagement than those of other parties. The study identifies a shift from outright climate denial toward a 'culture war' strategy, using disinformation narratives such as 'denial and delay' and 'absolution' to frame climate action as a threat to the German lifestyle. The analysis also highlights a stark platform divide, with Twitter predominantly hosting pro-climate messages and Facebook serving as a hub for climate-skeptical content.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The AfD significantly outperformed other parties in terms of engagement for climate-related content, with its climate posts receiving 40% to 237% more shares than its average posts on other topics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Right-wing actors have shifted their strategy from denying the existence of climate change to framing climate protection as a 'culture war' and a threat to the lifestyle of voters, often labeling activists as 'climate terrorists'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Two primary disinformation narratives were identified: 'Denial and Delay', which downplays the danger of climate change, and 'Absolution', which argues that Germany should not act because other countries are more responsible for global CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a distinct divergence in the climate debate across social media platforms: Twitter is dominated by messages supporting climate protection, while Facebook is primarily used to share content that views climate measures negatively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Right-wing actors frequently instrumentalize sensationalist headlines from established media outlets to lend credibility to disinformation and misleading claims without addressing the actual facts of the articles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000106#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","climate policy","renewable energy","fossil fuel","Emissions trading"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Poland","People's Republic of China","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","qualitative analysis","quantitative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000109","title":"An Online Environmental Scan of Right-wing Extremism in Canada","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ISDs-An-Online-Environmental-Scan-of-Right-wing-Extremism-in-Canada.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a resilient and multifaceted online ecosystem for Canadian right-wing extremists (RWEs), noting that while mainstream platform enforcement (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) removes some content, new channels quickly emerge. The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a significant driver of activity, with 38.8% of coded messages relating to the pandemic, often focusing on conspiracy theories and anti-government sentiment. Canadian RWEs exhibit a strong internationalist outlook, mentioning the US more than Canada. While overt hate speech is a small proportion of total activity on mainstream sites, fringe platforms like 4chan and Telegram host more explicit racism, neo-Nazi imagery, and accelerationist content, including instructional material for violence. The report recommends government regulation of platforms, algorithmic auditing, and international coordination on RWE designations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canadian RWE activity on social media showed growth in 2020 compared to 2019 on several platforms, with content production increasing by 66.5% on 4chan and 8.2% on Facebook.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic was the primary driver of conversation among Canadian RWEs in 2020, accounting for 38.8% of all messages that could be categorized by topic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian RWEs demonstrate a strong transnational orientation, mentioning the United States nearly twice as often as they mention Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mainstream platform enforcement has a limited long-term effect; while many 2019 accounts were removed, new channels emerged, leaving the total ecosystem size on Facebook and YouTube relatively consistent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fringe platforms like 4chan and Telegram host significantly more explicit and violent content than mainstream platforms, including neo-Nazi imagery and accelerationist guides on guerrilla tactics and 3D printed firearms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canadian RWEs act as hubs for disinformation, exemplified by a 4chan-seeded campaign using a fake CBC article to claim Prime Minister Justin Trudeau promised military intervention in the US.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ethnonationalism is the most common ideological subcategory of RWE operating across the analyzed platforms, as these groups are often more effective at avoiding terms-of-service breaches through euphemistic language.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Incel communities in Canada glorify mass murderers such as Alek Minassian and Marc Lépine, viewing them as heroes or 'saints' within the movement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geographic analysis of mentions shows that while Ontario is the most mentioned province, Alberta is a disproportionate outlier due to discussions regarding the 'Wexit' movement and Albertan independence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000109#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","Ontario","Alberta","Quebec","British Columbia","People's Republic of China","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Israel","Toronto","Red Deer"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental scan","social media analysis","network analysis","qualitative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000156","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000156","title":"THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN AUSTRALIA’S POLITICAL FRINGES ON THE RIGHT AND LEFT","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2020-11","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Interplay-Between-Australia_final-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyses the Facebook activity of 43 far-right and 31 far-left pages, and 9 public groups in Australia during the first seven months of 2020. It finds that while both sides use 'us versus them' narratives, opposition to the far-right is more central to far-left identity than vice versa. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement served as primary catalysts for activity, with the far-right weaponising the pandemic to promote anti-China and xenophobic narratives, while the far-left focused on labour rights and police violence. The study notes that far-right groups were more likely to promote violence against the left than the far-left was against the right.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Opposition to the far-right is more central to the identity and online activity of the far-left than opposition to the far-left is to the far-right. Discussion about the far-right accounted for 17% of far-left page output, whereas discussion about the far-left made up only 7% of far-right output.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic was a primary driver of activity for both groups, but with opposing ideological focuses: the far-right used the virus to promote hostility toward China and support border closures, while the far-left focused on the pandemic's impact on the economy and workers' rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement triggered a sharp increase in antagonistic online mobilisation in June 2020. Far-right groups attempted to discredit the movement as violent, while far-left groups used it to highlight police brutality against minorities in Australia and internationally.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right narratives regarding the far-left often employ interchangeable labels such as 'communist', 'socialist', 'Marxist', or 'Antifa' as generic descriptors for any political opponent. These groups also portray mainstream media and institutions like universities as complicit in 'Marxist indoctrination'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Far-right groups demonstrated a higher propensity to promote violence against their political opponents compared to far-left groups. Analysis identified numerous calls for violence in far-right comment sections, including threats to 'shoot first' or 'burn' individuals, while calls for violence from the far-left were described as 'very rare'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small number of highly active pages and groups drive the majority of the reciprocal antagonistic content. For example, one single group was responsible for 67% of all far-right group posts concerning the far-left.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000156#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","People's Republic of China","London","Melbourne","Footscray"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","topic modelling","qualitative content analysis"]},{"id":"issafri-002428","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-002428","title":"Understanding Nigerian citizens’ perspectives on Boko Haram","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/monograph196.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines Nigerian citizens' views on Boko Haram, identifying a complex interplay of financial incentives, lack of education, and a desire for belonging as primary recruitment drivers. It highlights a deep distrust of Nigerian political institutions and local government, contrasted with higher trust in the presidency and religious leaders. The study finds that while many citizens favor military action, there is significant support for non-military solutions and a strong belief that corruption is a primary security threat. Funding is perceived to come largely from politicians and other terrorist groups, though criminal activities also contribute.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nigerian citizens are divided on the factors influencing decisions to join Boko Haram, but key vulnerabilities include poverty, unemployment, lack of education, and social networks such as friends, family, ethnic kinship, and the almajiri system of Islamic schooling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a profound distrust of Nigerian political institutions and local government, particularly in areas with high Boko Haram activity, although trust in the president is significantly higher than in other government bodies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recruitment often occurs through traditional social networks, with friends, neighbors, relatives, and community meetings identified as the most likely arenas for introduction to the group.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial motivations are perceived as a primary driver for joining Boko Haram, with a large portion of survey respondents ranking the desire to make money or seeing the group as a job as top motivators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant number of Nigerians believe that the desire for revenge or retribution, often stemming from personal or collective grievances, is a major influence on the decision to join the group.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corruption is viewed by a vast majority of respondents as the most significant security threat fueling the presence of Boko Haram in Nigeria.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public perception of Boko Haram's funding is heavily skewed toward the belief that politicians and the government are primary financiers, outweighing the perceived contribution of criminal activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While many Nigerians advocate for military force as a solution, a majority (51.46%) believe that peaceful or non-military approaches are necessary to resolve the crisis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The police are still viewed as a relevant and trustworthy agent for dealing with emergencies, though trust in the military is notably higher in northern regions where they are the first line of defense.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002428#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Lagos","Abuja","Gombe State","Kano State","Yobe State","Cameroon","Chad","Niger"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["citizen survey","social media analysis","literature review"]},{"id":"isdglo-000101","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000101","title":"“Shooting in the right direction”: Anti-ISIS Foreign Fighters in Syria & Iraq","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016","source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ISD-Report-Shooting-in-the-right-direction-Anti-ISIS-Fighters.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines 'anti-ISIS foreign fighters', finding they are generally older than Islamist fighters, predominantly male, and frequently U.S. military veterans. It identifies the YPG and Peshmerga as the most popular affiliations and analyzes push factors like frustration with international responses and pull factors such as the desire to protect persecuted minorities. The document also explores the complex and inconsistent legal frameworks across Western nations regarding private citizens participating in foreign conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Anti-ISIS foreign fighters are generally older than those joining Islamist groups, with an average age of 32.44 years, although the largest proportion (48.4%) are in their 20s.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women represent a small minority (3%) of anti-ISIS foreign fighters compared to 14-18% of Islamist foreign fighters, but those who do join are more likely to occupy active combat roles, primarily within the YPJ.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States is the largest source of anti-ISIS foreign fighters in the dataset (38%), a trend largely attributed to the high number of U.S. military veterans, contrasting with the approximately 6% of Islamist foreign fighters from the U.S.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most common group affiliations for anti-ISIS foreign fighters are the Syrian-Kurdish YPG (30.7%) and the Iraqi-Kurdish Peshmerga (21.7%), followed by Dwekh Nawsha (5.7%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Motivations are divided into push factors, such as frustration with the international community's response to atrocities and a personal lack of purpose, and pull factors, including the desire to defend persecuted minorities and the influence of ISIS's own brutal propaganda.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Military veterans are specifically motivated by a desire to 'finish the job' and ensure that previous sacrifices made during the 'War on Terror' were not in vain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Recruitment for anti-ISIS groups occurs via social media—primarily Facebook—but is less professionalised and less proactive than ISIS's operations, relying more on individual profiles and networking than active grooming.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-ISIS fighters typically self-fund their travel and participation, often using crowdfunding platforms like GoFundMe and IndieGoGo, and generally do not receive pay from the groups they join.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The legality of fighting against ISIS varies by country; for example, the U.K. allows fighting with the YPG or Peshmerga as long as no war crimes are committed, whereas the PKK is a proscribed terrorist organisation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Some nations, such as Belgium and Australia, maintain a blanket ban on joining any foreign army regardless of the group's intentions or the fighter's motivations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000101#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Germany","France","Sweden","Canada","Turkey","Australia","Netherlands","Belgium"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["demographic analysis","motivational analysis","legal review","social media analysis"]},{"id":"issafri-002376","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-002376","title":"Do You Want My Vote?","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/Mono193-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines why young South Africans (18-24) engage with or withdraw from the democratic process, highlighting a significant gap in voter registration between 18-19 year olds (33%) and 20-29 year olds (64%). It argues that youth disengagement is not driven by apathy, but by frustration over socio-economic challenges, corruption, and a lack of trust in government responsiveness. While many view voting as important, a growing segment feels alienated from formal politics, leading to a decline in loyalty to the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and a shift toward alternative parties like the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) or non-electoral forms of protest.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Young South Africans are increasingly frustrated by persistent socio-economic challenges, specifically high unemployment, poor education, and inadequate infrastructure such as housing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Corruption among the political elite and a lack of accountability for senior officials negatively impact youth participation in democratic processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant trust deficit between young people and the government, characterized by a feeling that the state is non-responsive to their demands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many young people feel incompetent or intimidated by the complexity of politics, which acts as a barrier to their engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a decline in partisan attachment to the ruling African National Congress (ANC), though young people also express dissatisfaction with other available political options.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Voter registration levels show a sharp increase as youth age, with only 33% of 18-19 year olds registered compared to 64% of those aged 20-29.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) have seen significant success with the youth demographic, accounting for 49% of their supporters in 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media is identified as a critical platform for engaging youth and understanding their political perceptions, as evidenced by the growth of the Youth Vote South Africa (YVSA) page.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002376#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Canada","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["qualitative research","focus groups","interviews","social media analysis"]},{"id":"caad-000046","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000046","title":"The Growing Threat to Climate Activists","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/COP-Look-Listen-Spotlight-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while the overall volume of posts using terms like \"climate cult\" or \"eco terrorists\" on X has remained stable, the number of replies containing dehumanising language has more than doubled. On Facebook and Instagram, over 68,000 posts used denigrating terms, reaching a cumulative 1.86 million shares. TikTok users employ \"coded violence\" and \"dog whistles\" to evade moderation, with comments frequently endorsing police violence, including the use of cattle prods and pepper spray. The report argues that this digital rhetoric creates a \"pipeline to violence,\" citing the 2023 fatal shooting of protesters in Panama and the broader criminalisation of environmental defenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000046#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1 January 2022 and 30 November 2023, X (formerly Twitter) saw over 220,000 posts using loaded language such as \"climate cult\" and over 90,000 posts or replies using securitised language like \"eco terrorist\". While total post volume was stable, the number of replies using dehumanising or 'othering' language more than doubled.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000046#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High-traction content targeting climate activists on X is driven by a small group of accounts, including 'End Wokeness' (1.9m followers), Ian Miles Cheong (861k followers), and Disclose.TV (1.2m followers).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000046#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Germany","Guatemala","Canada","Panama"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","case study"]},{"id":"caad-000048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/caad-000048","title":"DENY, DECEIVE, DELAY","publisher":{"name":"Climate Action Against Disinformation","organization":"climate-action-against-disinformation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DDD_ExposingClimateDisinfo-COP27.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a resurgence of climate denial and the rise of 'delayism' during COP27, highlighting how fossil fuel-linked entities used Meta's advertising tools for greenwashing and how Twitter's algorithms surfaced the #ClimateScam hashtag despite lower engagement than pro-climate terms. It details a 'narrative playbook' where climate action is framed as an elitist plot or a 'culture war' issue, often overlapping with anti-vaccine and right-wing conspiracy communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1 September and 23 November 2022, fossil fuel-linked entities ran 3,781 active ads on Facebook and Instagram, spending approximately USD $3-4 million. Energy Citizens, a PR group for the American Petroleum Institute, produced more daily ads than all other monitored pages combined.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The hashtag #ClimateScam saw a significant spike on Twitter starting in July 2022, accruing over 362,000 mentions from 91,000 unique users by December. Despite having lower volume and engagement than #ClimateCrisis or #ClimateEmergency, Twitter's organic search and hashtag suggestions frequently recommended #ClimateScam as a top result during COP27.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned oil companies and initiatives used 'nature-rinsing' tactics on Meta to project green credentials. The Saudi Green Initiative promoted goals to plant 10 billion trees and reach carbon neutrality by 2060, while Petrobras and the Chinese National Petroleum Company (CNPC) touted sustainable transitions and carbon capture and storage (CCS) despite continuing high fossil fuel production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon Major companies, including Shell, Chevron, and ExxonMobil, used advertising to promote Net Zero goals and technologies like biofuels and hydrogen, which the report notes is often contradictory to their actual investment portfolios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Anti-climate narratives at COP27 shifted toward 'culture wars' and conspiracism. The most engaging content often framed climate actors as 'alarmist' or presented climate action as part of a 'Great Reset' plot by global elites to exert control and destroy capitalism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Loss and Damage' mechanism negotiated at COP27 was co-opted by right-wing actors who framed it as 'climate reparations' and an unfair transfer of wealth from the Global North to the developing world, often linking this to the UK's cost of living crisis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small group of high-influence accounts drives a large portion of climate misinformation. Twelve identified actors produced 388 posts that garnered 343,862 shares between 29 October and 27 November 2022, with many of these accounts also promoting claims about electoral fraud and COVID-19 vaccinations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Network analysis reveals a strong overlap between climate misinformation and other conspiratorial communities. In the COP27 network, 22.27% of the map comprised COVID-sceptic figures, an increase from 12.35% in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"caad-000048#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","greenwashing","Net-zero emissions","carbon capture and storage","loss and damage","fossil fuel","renewable energy","electric vehicle","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Saudi Arabia","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Canada","Australia","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","advertising analysis","network analysis","narrative analysis"]},{"id":"isdglo-000083","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000083","title":"DENY, DECEIVE, DELAY","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Deny-Deceive-Delay-Vol.-2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a resurgence of outright climate denial and the rise of 'culture war' narratives used to delay climate action. It highlights systemic greenwashing by fossil fuel entities on Meta and the algorithmic amplification of the #ClimateScam hashtag on Twitter. The analysis reveals that climate misinformation is increasingly integrated into broader 'anti-woke' and conspiratorial communities, with a small number of high-influence actors driving a significant portion of the engagement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1 September and 23 November 2022, fossil fuel-linked entities ran 3,781 active ads on Facebook and Instagram, spending approximately USD $3-4 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy Citizens, a PR and lobby group for the American Petroleum Institute, was the most prolific advertiser by volume, while America’s Plastic Makers spent roughly USD $1.1 million on climate-related campaigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned oil companies from Saudi Arabia, China, and Brazil used 'nature-rinsing' tactics on Meta to promote green credentials despite their governments' efforts to weaken fossil fuel phase-out ambitions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The hashtag #ClimateScam saw a sudden spike on Twitter in July 2022, accruing over 362,000 mentions from 91,000 unique users by December 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Twitter's recommendation algorithm actively suggested #ClimateScam as a top result for organic searches of 'climate' during COP27, despite the hashtag having lower volume and engagement than #ClimateCrisis or #ClimateEmergency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of high-engagement content shows that claims portraying climate actors as 'alarmist' received more likes than any other sub-claim, while claims that climate change is a 'hoax' or 'conspiracy' were more frequently shared.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Right-wing contrarians framed the COP27 'loss and damage' negotiations as unfair 'climate reparations' from the Global North to the developing world, often linking this to the UK cost of living crisis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate misinformation is increasingly shared by 'anti-woke' and COVID-sceptic communities; 22.27% of the COP27 misinformation network comprised COVID-sceptic figures, up from 12.35% in 2021.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small group of 12 key actors were identified as the most prolific amplifiers of the five monitored narratives, generating 343,862 shares in the four weeks surrounding COP27.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000083#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","greenwashing","Net-zero emissions","loss and damage","carbon capture and storage","electric vehicle","renewable energy","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["United States","United Kingdom","Saudi Arabia","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Australia","Canada","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","network mapping","narrative analysis","advertising audit"]},{"id":"isdglo-000149","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/isdglo-000149","title":"DENY, DECEIVE, DELAY","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Strategic Dialogue","organization":"institute-for-strategic-dialogue"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Summative-Report-COP26.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a shift from outright climate denial to 'discourses of delay'—narratives that accept climate change but justify inaction. During COP26, four primary delayist narratives trended: 'Hypocrisy and Elitism', 'Absolutionism', 'Unreliability of Renewables', and 'Ineffective Electric Vehicles'. The authors argue that a small group of 'repeat offender' influencers and right-wing media outlets drive the majority of this content, often leveraging algorithmic amplification on platforms like Facebook and Twitter. The report concludes with seven policy recommendations, including the adoption of a unified definition of climate disinformation and stricter enforcement against repeat offenders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate opposition has evolved from outright denial to 'discourses of delay', which accept the existence of climate change but 'justify inaction or inadequate efforts'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Four key 'discourses of delay' were identified on social media during COP26: 'Hypocrisy and Elitism', 'Absolutionism', 'Unreliability of Renewables', and 'Ineffective Electric Vehicles'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Hypocrisy and Elitism' narrative was the most active around COP26, portraying the summit as elitist and highlighting alleged double standards, such as the use of private jets by delegates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Absolutionism' narrative seeks to excuse a country from climate action by pointing to the perceived failings of other states, frequently targeting China and India in Western contexts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Disinformation regarding the unreliability of renewables often uses unrelated images or false claims, such as the debunked assertion that COP26 was powered by diesel generators.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A small number of 'repeat offender' accounts generate a disproportionate amount of anti-climate content; 16 Twitter accounts amassed 507,000 interactions, far exceeding 148 other known sceptic accounts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate sceptic communities on social media often overlap with other 'culture war' and anti-science groups, including those focused on COVID-19 and anti-vaccine sentiment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Authoritative sources on Facebook, such as those in the Climate Science Center, receive significantly less engagement than climate sceptic actors, with the latter garnering 12 times the level of interaction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mainstream media outlets, specifically the Daily Mail, The Telegraph, and the Wall Street Journal, serve as vectors for laundering climate scepticism and 'discourses of delay' into the mainstream.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon Majors use sponsored advertising to spread disinformation; for example, ExxonMobil spent over $4 million on 1,211 Facebook and Instagram ads containing energy and climate mis- and disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"isdglo-000149#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","renewable energy","electric vehicle","2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference","greenwashing","climate policy"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","United States","Canada","Australia","Glasgow","People's Republic of China","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["social media analysis","network analysis","policy assessment","content analysis"]}]}