{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["quantitative study"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'quantitative study' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=quantitative+study","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002310","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002310","title":"Analyser les lois nationales sur l’investissement : fonction de règlement des litiges","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2026-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/unpacking-national-investment-laws-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines how national investment laws handle the prevention, management, and settlement of disputes between investors and states. Based on an analysis of 167 laws, it finds that while dispute resolution is a common feature—particularly in Africa and Asia—the use of international arbitration and 'prior consent' clauses exposes states to significant financial and regulatory risks. The authors argue that states should prioritize national courts and administrative reviews over parallel arbitration systems and strongly recommend against including unilateral prior consent to international arbitration in national legislation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Dispute resolution provisions are common in national investment laws, appearing in nearly 79% of the 167 laws analyzed, with the highest prevalence found in Africa (91%) and Asia (84%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"National courts are explicitly mentioned in approximately 57% of investment laws that include dispute resolution functions. Approaches vary from requiring exclusive use of national courts (e.g., Armenia, El Salvador, Kenya) to requiring the exhaustion of local remedies before seeking alternatives (e.g., Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Arbitration is referenced in 69% of laws with dispute resolution functions, but it is never the primary method. Distribution varies by region: 46.51% of African laws mention only international arbitration, while Asia and Europe frequently use a mix of national and international arbitration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 44% of laws referencing arbitration contain 'prior consent' clauses. This practice is linked to high financial and regulatory risks, including an average legal cost of 5 million USD for states and an average award of 256 million USD between 2014 and 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-jurisdictional mechanisms are less common: 42% of laws allow methods agreed upon by parties, 39% provide for administrative review, and 32% mention amicable settlement (negotiation or mediation).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Only 13.64% of the analyzed investment laws establish national institutions specifically for the prevention and management of disputes, with Africa having the highest number of such institutions (10).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report strongly advises states to avoid including unilateral prior consent to international arbitration in national laws, suggesting instead that arbitration be recognized as an option requiring case-by-case or contractual agreements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002310#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","Asia","Europe","North America","South America","Oceania","Armenia","El Salvador","Kenya","Sierra Leone","Equatorial Guinea","United Arab Emirates","Ethiopia","Qatar","Jordan","Kyrgyzstan","Belarus","Kiribati","Zambia","Malta","Malawi","Rwanda","Yemen","The Gambia","Tanzania","Madagascar","Kazakhstan","Cambodia","Myanmar"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","policy framework","quantitative study"]},{"id":"cliinstca-000319","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cliinstca-000319","title":"Transports publics et pollution de l'air : l'exemple des grèves canadiennes","publisher":{"name":"Canadian Climate Institute","organization":"canadian-climate-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"fr","date_published":"2020-07-17","source_url":"https://institutclimatique.ca/featured_research/transports-publics-et-pollution-de-lair-lexemple-des-greves-canadiennes/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study finds that public transport in its current North American configuration increases nitrogen oxide levels and does not significantly improve local air quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000319#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Public transport is associated with a short-term increase of 3.5 parts per billion in nitrogen oxide levels, while showing no statistically significant impact on carbon monoxide or PM2.5 fine particulate matter levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000319#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The results indicate that expanding public transport in North America, given its current configuration, is unlikely to improve local air quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cliinstca-000319#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public transport","air pollution","air quality"],"geography_discussed":["North America"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["causal analysis","quantitative study"]},{"id":"wwatt-000045","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwatt-000045","title":"U.S. Deep Freeze December 2016","publisher":{"name":"World Weather Attribution","organization":"world-weather-attribution"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2016-12-08","source_url":"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/u-s-deep-freeze-december-2016/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The December 2016 cold air outbreak in the United States was found to be a common winter occurrence and not evidence that global warming is increasing the extremity of cold weather. Analysis of stations in Boulder, Colorado, and New Orleans, Louisiana, indicates that cold extremes are generally decreasing in intensity, particularly in New Orleans where the coldest day of the year is 3.2°F warmer than a century ago. The study concludes that while northerly wind patterns show no significant trend, the Arctic source regions for this cold air are warming rapidly, leading to a general decrease in the intensity of such outbreaks in both observations and climate models.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000045#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The December 2016 cold air outbreak was not an unusual event and does not contradict the overall trend of global warming or suggest that climate change is making cold weather more extreme.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000045#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Cold air outbreaks are decreasing in intensity according to both climate models and observations, primarily because the Arctic, which serves as the source of the cold air, is warming strongly.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000045#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While some research suggests a link between melting Arctic sea ice and more frequent cold air outbreaks, the majority of studies find no such influence, and some evidence suggests sea-ice decline may actually result in fewer cold extremes over central and eastern North America.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000045#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","extreme weather event"],"geography_discussed":["North America","Boulder","New Orleans","Alaska","Canada","Arctic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative study","attribution analysis"]},{"id":"ciel-001076","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-001076","title":"SUR. Revista Internacional de Direitos Humanos","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2010-06","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SUR_Jun10.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document is the 12th issue of the Sur International Journal on Human Rights, focusing on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their alignment with human rights. A central component is an analysis of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, arguing that while the CDM facilitates investment and technology transfer to the Global South, it lacks a robust rights-based approach, fails to ensure equitable geographical distribution of projects, and lacks effective accountability and grievance mechanisms. The issue also includes discussions on maternal health, the right to health (MDG 6), indigenous peoples' rights, and corporate human rights obligations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Climate change poses significant threats to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), specifically impacting environmental sustainability (MDG 7), extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1), universal primary education (MDG 2), gender equality (MDG 3), and health-related goals (MDGs 4, 5, and 6).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is identified as a key tool for international cooperation that channels resources and technology from industrialized North countries to the Global South to mitigate climate change and promote sustainable development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CDM is criticized for lacking a rights-based approach, as it does not require the prior informed consent of affected communities, only consultation, which can lead to human rights violations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is an inequitable geographical distribution of CDM projects, with a small number of countries such as Brazil, China, India, and Mexico receiving approximately 80% of projects, while African countries receive significantly less.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CDM lacks adequate governance and accountability mechanisms, specifically lacking a grievance mechanism for affected stakeholders and a process for private parties to challenge Executive Board decisions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CDM's focus on cost-effectiveness often leads to the selection of the cheapest emissions reductions, which may have negligible contributions to broader sustainable development goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Amnesty International reports that in Nairobi, Kenya, a lack of adequate sanitation facilities contributes to gender-based violence against women and girls, highlighting a gap between Kenya's MDG policies and its international human rights obligations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001076#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","clean development mechanism","sustainable development","international cooperation","greenhouse gas emissions","Kyoto Protocol","United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","technology transfer","climate finance","sanitation"],"geography_discussed":["Kenya","People's Republic of China","India","Brazil","Mexico","Malaysia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","legal analysis","quantitative study"]}]}