{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["quantitative attribution"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'quantitative attribution' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=quantitative+attribution","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"ucs-001210","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-001210","title":"Tracing Fossil Fuel Companies’ Contribution to Climate Change and Ocean Acidification","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12","source_url":"https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/UCS_acidification_FS_191210a_low-res.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) reports that 88 major carbon producers contributed more than half of the increase in ocean acidification and about half of the global temperature rise from 1880 to 2015. The document highlights that these companies, including investor-owned firms like ExxonMobil and Chevron, were aware of the climate risks of their products as early as 1965 but engaged in campaigns to sow doubt. It argues that these entities should be held financially responsible for climate-related damages, such as the $2 billion in additional costs attributed to sea level rise during Hurricane Sandy in New York City.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001210#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1880 and 2015, emissions from 88 of the largest fossil fuel producers and cement manufacturers contributed more than 55 percent of the increase in ocean acidification, approximately 52 percent of the global temperature rise, and about 34 percent of global sea level rise.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001210#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"From 1965 to 2015, a period when fossil fuel companies were aware of the risks, the same 48 investor-owned companies contributed approximately 15 percent of the increase in ocean acidification, 15 percent of the global average temperature increase, and 9 percent of sea level rise relative to the 1880–2015 period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001210#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The top five investor-owned oil and gas companies—Chevron, Exxon-Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, and ConocoPhillips—contributed approximately 8 percent of the increase in ocean acidification, over 7 percent of the global average temperature increase, and about 6 percent of sea level rise between 1965 and 2015 relative to the 1880–2015 period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001210#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel companies and industry associations, such as the American Petroleum Institute, knew about the catastrophic consequences of CO2 pollution by 1965 but spent millions of dollars to sow doubt and confusion about climate science to prevent emissions regulation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001210#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change and ocean acidification have caused specific economic and human losses, including $2 billion in additional damages to New York City from Hurricane Sandy due to sea level rise, and nearly 600 heat-related deaths in Paris and London in 2003.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-001210#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["ocean acidification","sea level rise","extreme event attribution","climate finance","climate change litigation","carbon dioxide emissions","methane emissions"],"geography_discussed":["United States","New York City","Paris","London","Gulf of Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative attribution","policy argument"]},{"id":"foei-001025","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/foei-001025","title":"la huella ecológica de exxon","publisher":{"name":"Friends of the Earth International","organization":"friends-of-the-earth-international"},"document_type":"report","language":"es","date_published":"2004-01","source_url":"https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/foeiclimateesp.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report calculates that between 1882 and 2002, ExxonMobil emitted 21.53 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent, representing approximately 5% of global CO2 emissions. It argues that the company has actively undermined climate science and the Kyoto Protocol despite increasing production to record levels after scientific consensus on human-induced climate change was established. The findings link these emissions to 3.4%-3.7% of human-attributable global temperature increases and 2% of sea-level rise, with the latter projected to reach 3.2%-3.6% by the year 2200.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001025#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 1882 and 2002, ExxonMobil's carbon dioxide emissions totaled 20.3 billion tonnes of carbon, which is between 4.7% and 5.3% of total global CO2 emissions. When including methane, the total emissions reach 21.53 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001025#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ExxonMobil's emissions have increased despite scientific warnings: 99.9% of its emissions occurred after the first calculation of global warming in 1896, and 65% occurred after 1971, when scientists reported the risk of rapid, human-caused climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001025#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The company's emissions are responsible for 3.4% to 3.7% of total human-attributable global temperature modifications since 1882 and 2% of the increase in sea level. Due to the slow response of sea levels, the total contribution to sea-level rise is projected to be 3.2% to 3.6% by the year 2200.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001025#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"ExxonMobil has actively worked to undermine climate science and policy, specifically by lobbying against the Kyoto Protocol and funding organizations like the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) and Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) to challenge the scientific consensus.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001025#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2002, ExxonMobil's emissions represented between 4.8% and 5.5% of the total concentration of CO2 emissions above pre-industrial levels, showing a steady increase from 0% in 1882 and 2.5%-2.8% in 1960.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"foei-001025#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","carbon dioxide","methane","climate change","sea level rise","Kyoto Protocol","fossil fuel","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["United States","People's Republic of China","United Kingdom","Mozambique","Somalia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative attribution","policy analysis"]}]}