{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["quantification"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'quantification' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=quantification","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"sei-000676","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000676","title":"Agriculture-deforestation emissions","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-03-22","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/agriculture-deforestation-emissions/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The analysis finds that between 2010 and 2014, tropical deforestation for agriculture and forestry caused approximately 2.6 gigatonnes of CO2 emissions annually, with cattle and oilseed products accounting for over half. International trade drove between 29% and 39% of these emissions, with Europe and China identified as major importers. In EU countries, deforestation emissions represent about 15% of the total carbon footprint of food consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000676#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between 2010 and 2014, the expansion of forestry and agriculture into tropical forests globally resulted in net emissions of roughly 2.6 gigatonnes of CO2 per year, with more than 50% of these emissions attributed to oilseed products (such as palm oil and soy) and cattle.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000676#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International trade was a significant driver of deforestation-related emissions from 2010 to 2014, accounting for between 29% and 39% of the total, a proportion that is notably higher than the share of fossil carbon emissions embodied in trade.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000676#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Europe and China are primary importers of forest-risk commodities. For many developed nations, the emissions from deforestation embodied in imports are equal to or greater than emissions from their own domestic agriculture. In EU countries, these emissions make up approximately one-sixth (15%) of the total carbon footprint of food consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000676#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","greenhouse gas emissions","land-use change","carbon footprint","agriculture"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","People's Republic of China","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantification","supply-chain analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003562","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003562","title":"Subsidies to Coal Production in China","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/subsidies-coal-production-in-china.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies 18 subsidies to coal extraction in China for the 2013–2015 period, quantifying 11 of them. For 2013, quantifiable subsidies (excluding credit support) totaled CNY 35.7 billion (USD 5.8 billion). The most significant quantified measures include temporary tax and fee relief from provincial and local governments (USD 1.65 billion), state budget investment in fixed assets (USD 1.27 billion), and compensations for mine shutdowns under phase-out plans (USD 1.03 billion). Credit support is identified as a potentially massive but uncertain subsidy, estimated between CNY 3.5 billion and 35.7 billion annually depending on the scenario. The report argues that these subsidies, particularly those driving long-term investment, lock in coal use and act as barriers to renewable energy deployment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2013, quantifiable subsidies to coal production in China totaled CNY 35.7 billion (USD 5.8 billion), excluding preferential credit support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most valuable quantified subsidies in 2013 were temporary tax and fee relief from provincial and local governments (USD 1.65 billion), state budget investment in fixed assets (USD 1.27 billion), and compensations for mines shut down under the coal phase-out plan (USD 1.03 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Credit support is a significant but data-limited subsidy; estimates for 2013 range from CNY 3.5 billion (based on a 0.6% interest rate discount) to CNY 35.68 billion (based on a 5% discount compared to private producers).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The coal phase-out plan, which uses subsidies to shut down, upgrade, or consolidate mines, reduced the number of mines from over 70,000 in 1995 to under 15,000 by 2013, contributing to improved mine safety.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for coal railway transportation in Inner Mongolia were estimated at approximately CNY 7.2 billion in 2013, representing the most significant subsidy for producers in that province.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Resource tax reforms implemented in December 2014 shifted the tax from volume-based to value-based (ad valorem), which effectively acted as a subsidy due to low coal prices at the time of implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government has provided a fixed annual VAT rebate of CNY 1.71 billion to coal producers since 1995.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coalbed methane production received both state budget subsidies (CNY 276 million in 2013) and matching provincial/local subsidies (CNY 0.1/m3), totaling CNY 414 million in 2013.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Import tariffs were raised in October 2014 for steam coal (6%) and coking coal (3%) to protect domestic producers from international competition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned enterprises (SOEs) receive significantly better credit terms than private coal producers, who often face interest rates over 10%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003562#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition","renewable energy","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Shanxi","Shaanxi","Inner Mongolia","Australia","Mongolia","Russia","Indonesia","Vietnam","Pakistan","Hebei","Henan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["bottom-up inventory","quantification","policy review"]},{"id":"iisd-003385","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003385","title":"Rationalizing Energy Subsidies in Agriculture","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/rationalizing-energy-subsidies-agriculture-in-haryana-india.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the energy-irrigation nexus in Haryana, India, where heavily subsidized electricity has led to the over-extraction of groundwater and financial distress for distribution companies (DISCOMs). It quantifies subsidies for wheat, paddy, and sugarcane, finding that electricity subsidies account for approximately 46% of total subsidies. The study recommends spatial targeting of reforms, the adoption of energy-efficient and solar pumps, and a transition toward output-driven subsidy regimes to ensure long-term environmental and economic sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Haryana has some of the lowest agricultural power tariffs in India, ranging from INR 0.08 to 0.10 per kilowatt hour in the 2014–2015 fiscal year, which incentivizes excessive groundwater extraction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quantification of subsidies for the three principal crops in Haryana shows that electricity (groundwater irrigation) subsidies represent approximately 46% of total subsidies, fertilizer subsidies account for 41%, and surface water irrigation subsidies make up about 13%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity subsidies have created a severe financial burden for distribution companies (DISCOMs), forming approximately 74% of their total revenue gap and 26% of their annual revenue requirement between FY 2010–11 and FY 2013–14.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Groundwater depletion in Haryana is critical, with 62.5% of analyzed wells recording a fall in water levels and 66.67% of cases showing water depths between 5 and 20 meters below ground level as of August 2012.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sensitivity analysis indicates that wheat is the crop most vulnerable to subsidy reforms because it has the lowest profit margins among the three focus crops, whereas paddy farmers are least affected due to higher margins, likely from basmati exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that solar pumps are most viable in districts with water tables below 10 meters, such as Rohtak and Jhajjar, where many farmers currently use expensive diesel pumps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Replacing inefficient pumps with star-rated energy-efficient pumps could potentially save 35% of energy, with a projected payback period of approximately three years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct Cash Transfer (DCT) for fertilizers is proposed as a reform but faces significant challenges, including the identification of beneficiaries, the need for rural banking infrastructure, and the complexity of indexation based on volatile market prices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study recommends a shift from an input-driven to an output-driven subsidy regime, where subsidies are integrated into the Minimum Support Price or State Advisory Price rather than subsidizing individual inputs like electricity and fertilizer.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003385#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy"],"geography_discussed":["India","Punjab","Gujarat","Uttar Pradesh","Morocco","Zambia","Brazil","Egypt","Ethiopia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["scoping study","quantification","policy analysis","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-002865","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002865","title":"Fossil Fuels – At What Cost?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2012-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ffs_awc_russia_eng.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies significant government support for Russia's upstream oil and gas sector, totaling US$8.1 billion in 2009 and US$14.4 billion in 2010. These subsidies, primarily in the form of tax holidays and export duty exemptions, are heavily skewed toward the development of new fields in frontier areas, particularly the Arctic, rather than improving recovery efficiency at existing fields. The study highlights the environmental risks associated with Arctic expansion and argues that reforming these subsidies is essential for decarbonizing the economy and meeting international commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Quantified federal subsidies to oil and gas producers in Russia rose from US$8.1 billion in 2009 to US$14.4 billion in 2010. This increase was primarily driven by the introduction of export customs duty exemptions for new onshore oil fields in East Siberia and increased production at fields eligible for mineral extraction tax (MET) holidays.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Relief on the mineral extraction tax and export duties constitutes the majority of the identified federal subsidies, accounting for US$9.8 billion in 2010, or 68 per cent of the total value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies are heavily skewed toward the development of new fields, especially in the Arctic, while improved recovery and energy efficiency at existing fields are under-supported. For example, increasing the projected oil recovery factor in Russia by 5 per cent (from 37 per cent to 42 per cent) would yield over 4 billion tonnes of additional recoverable reserves, far exceeding the reserves of new Arctic fields like Prirazlomnoe (72 million tonnes).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The minimum cumulative amount of subsidies provided under Russia's three production-sharing agreements (Sakhalin-1, Sakhalin-2, and Kharyaga) was estimated at US$5.4 billion in 2008, US$3.5 billion in 2009, and US$4.9 billion in 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory loopholes allowing tax minimization through transfer pricing are identified as a significant, though difficult to quantify, form of income support likely worth several billion US dollars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 30 federal subsidy schemes, with the largest in 2010 being the export duty exemption for East Siberian oil (approx. US$4 billion) and MET tax holidays for East Siberian oil (approx. US$2 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia's energy intensity is among the highest in the world; the IEA estimates that if Russia used energy as efficiently as comparable OECD northern countries in 2008, it could have saved over 200 million tonnes of oil equivalent, roughly 30 per cent of its consumption that year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Russian government uses a 'manual control' approach for export-customs duties on certain fields, such as those in East Siberia and the Caspian Sea, waiving or reducing subsidies once a field reaches an 'acceptable' profitability rate of 15–17 per cent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental costs are often externalized, with the Russian government incurring costs for disaster management and oil spill mitigation, particularly in the Arctic, where no proven techniques for cleanup exist.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional subsidies are primarily provided as tax expenditures (profits and property tax) and are considered less significant than federal subsidies due to the high degree of centralization in Russia's fiscal system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy efficiency","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Norway","Indonesia","East Siberia","Caspian Sea","Sakhalin","Yamal Peninsula"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","quantification","policy analysis"]}]}