{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["publication bias assessment"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'publication bias assessment' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":1,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=publication+bias+assessment","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"ipie-000103","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000103","title":"Confronting Misinformation Produced with Generative AI","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2026","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643e793799ecf3065c893f9d/6a15599a2cfb42fe2e6843d8_Online%20Appendix%20Final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document serves as a technical appendix to a meta-analysis on generative AI misinformation. It details the risk of bias assessment for various randomized controlled trials using the Cochrane RoB 2 protocol, finding that most studies scored 'low' to 'moderate' for bias. It also describes tests for publication selection bias—including Egger's test and the Duval and Tweedie trim-and-fill method—across samples focusing on visual misinformation, corrective information, and content labeling, concluding that while some small-study effects may exist, they do not fully explain the observed effects. Additionally, it provides supplementary figures on the perception of GenAI misinformation and the efficacy of corrective information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000103#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane RoB 2 protocol indicated that most publications in the sample performed well, with scores ranging from \"low\" to \"moderate\" across most domains. A small number of publications showed a moderate risk of bias, primarily due to the randomization process, and one publication was removed entirely due to numerous concerns regarding random assignment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000103#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of publication selection bias for the post-2021 sample on visual misinformation perception showed no strong statistical evidence of funnel plot asymmetry via Egger's test (p = 0.17). However, the Duval and Tweedie trim-and-fill method suggested a mild asymmetry potentially consistent with small-study bias, though a 3-parameter selection model (3PSM) found no reliable evidence of publication bias.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000103#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For post-2020 preventive correction information experiments, Egger's test and heterogeneity tests were not significant, and the 3PSM test did not detect publication bias (p = 0.85). Despite this, visual analysis of the funnel plot suggested that smaller studies reporting stronger negative effects might be disproportionately represented.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000103#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the full sample of content labeling studies, Egger's test indicated no significant evidence of small-study effects. While trim-and-fill analysis adjusted the overall effect size to g = -0.25 (p < 0.001), the 3PSM test confirmed the effect remained significant with a bias-adjusted effect size of -0.24, indicating that publication bias does not fully account for the observed effect.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000103#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["meta-analysis","risk of bias analysis","publication bias assessment"]}]}