{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["pre-feasibility study"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'pre-feasibility study' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":6,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=pre-feasibility+study","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"gclifun-004990","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gclifun-004990","title":"Introducing comprehensive e-waste system to enable environment for solar energy and electric mobility markets’ development","publisher":{"name":"Green Climate Fund","organization":"green-climate-fund"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-09-06","source_url":"https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/arm006.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Republic of Armenia is proposing a Readiness Programme to address critical regulatory and capacity gaps in the management of electronic waste (e-waste) from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. As Armenia aims to increase solar energy generation to 15% (1,000 MW) by 2030 and target 100,000 imported EVs by 2030, the lack of end-of-life standards poses environmental risks and potential economic barriers to investment. The programme, implemented by the Armenian National Interests Fund (ANIF) and overseen by the Ministry of Environment, will conduct risk assessments, develop targeted legislation, explore socio-economic opportunities for recycling through public-private partnerships, and build stakeholder capacity. The total requested amount is USD 648,581 for an 18-month implementation period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Armenia's energy sector is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 70% of the national total, while the transport sector contributes about 16%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government aims to increase the share of solar energy in the total electric power mix to 15%, requiring a total capacity of approximately 1,000 MW by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tax incentives introduced in 2019 led to a significant increase in electric vehicle imports, rising from 41 units in 2017-2018 to 2,663 in 2022, with a future target of 100,000 units by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Armenia currently lacks a legislative framework, legally binding end-of-life standards, and statistical data for managing e-waste from solar panels and EV batteries, with such waste currently reported under general municipal solid waste.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Unmanaged e-waste presents both environmental threats, such as heavy metals infiltrating groundwater, and economic risks that could make solar and e-mobility investments less attractive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The programme identifies significant economic potential in the circular economy, noting that global recoverable value from PV panels could exceed USD 15 billion by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed intervention includes a pre-feasibility study for establishing local recycling facilities using a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) modality to create green jobs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project will establish a 'knowledge library' to serve as a repository for all project materials and best practices, targeting a dissemination rate of over 80% of relevant stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gclifun-004990#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["solar energy","electromobility","circular economy","green job","renewable energy","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance","public–private partnership","waste management","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","Japan","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy gap analysis","risk assessment","pre-feasibility study","capacity building"]},{"id":"wwfza-000200","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwfza-000200","title":"Technical and economic pre-feasibility of biomass waste utilization for production of sustainable aviation fuel by PetroSA","publisher":{"name":"WWF South Africa","organization":"wwf-south-africa"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://wwfafrica.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/petrosa_ethanol_supply_pre_feasibility.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study evaluates the feasibility of supplying 300 million litres of ethanol annually to PetroSA's Conversion of Olefins to Distillate (COD) plant. It compares three primary feedstock pathways: first-generation (1G) molasses, second-generation (2G) lignocellulosic biomass (primarily invasive alien plants and garden waste), and third-generation (3G) industrial off-gases. The analysis finds that molasses-based ethanol is the most cost-effective and carbon-efficient option, while lignocellulosic ethanol is the most expensive due to high acquisition and processing costs. However, the report suggests that a diversified sourcing strategy incorporating invasive alien plants (IAPs) could meet broader socio-economic goals, such as job creation and drought resilience, at an additional cost of approximately R1 billion per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Molasses-based ethanol is the most economically and carbon-efficient single-feedstock option, with a total annual cost of approximately R2.86 billion and the lowest transport carbon emissions at 0.063 kg per litre.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Lignocellulosic ethanol, primarily from invasive alien plants (IAPs), is the most expensive supply chain, costing approximately R5.77 billion annually, which is nearly double the cost of the molasses option.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industrial off-gas fermentation is a mid-cost option with a total annual cost of R4.48 billion; its economic performance is hindered by high electricity demands in energy self-sufficient configurations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant availability of invasive alien plant (IAP) biomass in the Western and Eastern Cape, with 37.1 million tonnes easily accessible (slopes up to 20%) and 26.7 million tonnes fairly accessible (slopes 20-35%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The identified easily accessible IAP biomass in the Western and Eastern Cape alone is sufficient to meet PetroSA's annual demand of 1 to 1.5 million tonnes of lignocellulosic feedstock for 300 million litres of ethanol.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A sustainability risk assessment identifies molasses and bagasse as high risk due to potential GHG impacts, IAPs as medium risk due to ecological and labour concerns, and garden waste and industrial off-gasses as low risk.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) at the factory gate varies significantly by technology, ranging from R8.27/l for 1G molasses to as high as R38.31/l for 2G gasification-fermentation in self-sufficiency mode.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A diversified sourcing strategy combining one IAP-based facility in Ceres, two molasses-based facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, and one to two industrial off-gas facilities could meet multiple socio-economic objectives at an additional cost of roughly R1 billion per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industrial off-gasses from stainless steel and ferroalloy smelters have the potential to produce 410 million litres of ethanol annually, exceeding PetroSA's 300 million litre requirement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwfza-000200#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Sustainable Aviation Fuel","carbon dioxide emissions","greenhouse gas","bioenergy"],"geography_discussed":["Western Cape","Eastern Cape","KwaZulu-Natal","Mpumalanga","Ceres","Queenstown","Mthatha"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic analysis","pre-feasibility study","network optimisation","sustainability risk assessment"]},{"id":"cer-001236","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-001236","title":"PROPOSED MUSINA-MAKHADO SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE DEVELOPMENT - ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING ASSESSMENT REPORT","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-08","source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/P17102_REPORTS_1_REV-03-Final-Scoping-Assessment-Report-2019-06-05.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report assesses the environmental, social, and economic implications of establishing a heavy industrial hub focused on energy and metallurgy in the Musina-Makhado region. It identifies critical concerns including high water requirements in a water-scarce area, potential biodiversity loss, and the need for significant social infrastructure. The document outlines the proposed land uses, including coking, thermal power, and steel plants, and establishes a Plan of Study for a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Musina-Makhado SEZ southern site is a Greenfield development covering a designated area of 7,262.691 hectares across eight farms in the Makhado and Musina local municipalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The development is intended to create a heavy industrial hub for energy and metallurgy, featuring plants for coking, thermal power, ferrochrome, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, steel, stainless steel, and lime.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water availability is a critical risk factor as the region is severely water-strained; the total water supply need for the project is estimated at 13,910.5 10k m³ for the 9-year construction period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Due to local water scarcity, the project may need to source water from Zimbabwe, which would require an international water user agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The site is located within the Transitional zone of the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO-recognized area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project is expected to have a significant impact on biodiversity, specifically the loss of Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBA 2) in the southern portion of the site.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The development is expected to generate significant positive socio-economic impacts, including contribution to the national GDP and the creation of formal employment opportunities outside of the Musina and Makhado CBDs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Potential environmental challenges identified include intrusion into the protected area network, detrimental effects on regional biodiversity, and a potential increase in pollution pathways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project will trigger a full Scoping and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process because it involves the clearance of 20 hectares or more of indigenous vegetation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The site is adjacent to the N1 motorway and R525 road; it is proposed that the N1/R525 intersection be upgraded to a cloverleaf interchange to accommodate traffic demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-001236#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","water scarcity","biodiversity loss","land-use change","renewable energy","environmental impact assessment","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":["Limpopo","Vhembe District Municipality","Makhado Local Municipality","Musina Local Municipality","South Africa","Zimbabwe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental scoping assessment","pre-feasibility study","socio-economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"greenca-000281","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/greenca-000281","title":"Proposed Greentech Special Economic Zone at Atlantis Pre-feasibility Study Final Report","publisher":{"name":"GreenCape","organization":"greencape"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2014-08-01","source_url":"https://greencape.co.za/assets/Atlantis-SEZ-content/20140729-ASEZ-prefeasibility-report-final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report assesses the feasibility of a greentech SEZ in Atlantis, South Africa. It identifies high-potential opportunities in wind turbine components, solar PV components, and solar water heaters, driven largely by government programs like the REIPPP. The study recommends a business case that prioritizes refurbishing existing industrial property over greenfield development to reduce costs and risk. It projects that a moderate demand scenario could create 1,440 direct permanent jobs and attract R650 million in FDI by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The most immediate high-potential greentech opportunities for Atlantis (2014-2017) include the manufacturing of wind turbine blades and towers, selected PV module components, solar water heaters, and basic components for LED and CFL lighting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Utility-scale renewable energy demand is primarily driven by the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement (REIPPP) programme and the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), with wind, solar PV, and CSP making up over 95% of allocations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends 'Option 2' (using existing industrial property and greenfield sites) over 'Option 1' (developing only greenfield sites) because it is significantly less costly and carries lower risk of speculative development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under a moderate demand scenario, the Atlantis SEZ could attract 18 greentech firms and 11 suppliers, creating 1,440 direct permanent jobs and attracting R650 million in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Atlantis possesses several comparative advantages, including low industrial property rentals (R15-R19/m2, roughly half the provincial average), ample vacant land, and proximity to the Cape Town demand hinterland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Key challenges for the area include its relative remoteness from the Cape Town urban centre and ports, inadequate training facilities at West Coast College, and social issues such as crime and drug abuse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that the SEZ could be expanded into a 'West Coast SEZ corridor' from Blaauwberg to Atlantis (and potentially Saldanha) to unlock location-sensitive opportunities like waste-to-energy near landfill sites.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The emergence of a natural gas supply in Atlantis, via the Ibhubesi Gas Project or LNG imports, could attract energy-intensive manufacturers post-2020 if gas is competitively priced relative to grid electricity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To unlock the SEZ's potential, the report recommends implementing a 'one-stop shop' for investment facilitation, improving certainty around government policy (IRP and Eskom IDM), and establishing a zone labour agreement to avoid disputes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report critiques the proposed fixed-term corporate tax incentive (2014-2024), arguing that a permanently lower corporate income tax rate (5-15%) is more effective for capital-intensive long-term investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000281#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","photovoltaics","wind power","energy efficiency","waste-to-energy","biogas","biomass","climate finance","green economy","natural gas","carbon tax"],"geography_discussed":["Western Cape","Northern Cape","Cape Town","Saldanha","Coega","Upington","People's Republic of China","United Arab Emirates"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["pre-feasibility study","market sizing","economic impact assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"cer-000251","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cer-000251","title":"5-generation-fleet-renewal-db68f755d81b0ef0.pdf","publisher":{"name":"Centre for Environmental Rights","organization":"centre-for-environmental-rights"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/5-Generation-Fleet-Renewal.pdf?x21779","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"This document is a Task Order (No. 598) issued by Eskom for engineering and project management services to conduct a pre-feasibility study on a 'fleet renewal strategy' for four specific coal-fired power stations. The study aims to evaluate alternatives to the current decommissioning strategy, which is based on a 60-year technical life for coal stations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#summary","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The current decommissioning strategy for the Employer's power stations assumes a technical life of 60 years for coal-fired stations, with four stations—Komati, Hendrina, Camden, and Arnot—scheduled for decommissioning within the next 20 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"A proposed fleet renewal strategy is intended to provide several advantages, including the leverage of existing assets (such as site, infrastructure, and water), the mitigation of socio-economic impacts from decommissioning stations and mines, the provision of flexible base load for when renewables are unavailable, and the creation of additional capacity for export to neighboring countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The transition to a fleet renewal strategy depends on a pre-feasibility study to quantify environmental compliance and renewal costs, South Africa's GDP21 commitments, and potential carbon taxes. Additionally, renegotiating coal contracts for lower prices is required to justify the necessary capital expenditure (CAPEX).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Consultant must investigate four specific scenarios for the power stations: extending the plant life using existing infrastructure, re-firing using existing structures, demolishing and rebuilding, or choosing not to renew.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The study must account for emissions legislation with specific limits effective from 1 April 2015 and 1 April 2020. For example, the particulate (PM) limit changes from 100 mg/Nm³ to 50 mg/Nm³, and the Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) limit changes from 3600 mg/Nm³ to 500 mg/Nm³.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-08-17"},{"text":"The Consultant is required to implement a Supplier Development and Localisation (SD&L) program, which involves training one candidate from previously disadvantaged groups in South Africa for every R3,500,000.00 awarded through task orders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cer-000251#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-08-17"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","coal-fired power stations","decommissioning","emissions legislation","carbon taxes","renewable energy integration"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["pre-feasibility study","engineering assessment","socio-economic impact analysis"]},{"id":"greenca-000344","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/greenca-000344","title":"A TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EXPLORATION OF PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM CENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT IN A TRANSITIONING ECONOMY CONTEXT","publisher":{"name":"GreenCape","organization":"greencape"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://greencape.co.za/assets/Sector-files/water/Innovation/Sikosana-et-al.-A-technological-and-economic-exploration-of-phosphate-recovery-from-centralised-sewage-treatment-2015.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study evaluates three methods for managing phosphate at the Cape Flats WWTW: high-grade struvite production, low-grade struvite production, and chemical precipitation. While chemical precipitation has the lowest initial capital expenditure, low-grade struvite production is identified as the most economically and ecologically sustainable option over a 20-year period, with a net present cost of R25.4 million compared to R51.2 million for chemical precipitation and R76.2 million for high-grade struvite. Despite these relative advantages, the study finds that struvite production is currently unprofitable due to low local market prices for phosphate fertilizers and high capital costs, suggesting a need for new policies that treat phosphate as a resource rather than a pollutant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000344#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Low-grade struvite production is the most economically and ecologically sustainable option from a life-cycle-costs perspective, with a net present cost of R25.4 million over a 20-year lifetime.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000344#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chemical precipitation is the most affordable option in terms of initial capital expenditure (CAPEX), but it is more expensive than low-grade struvite production over the long term, with a net present cost of R51.2 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000344#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High-grade struvite production is the least viable option due to high capital costs and a significant electrical and carbon footprint, resulting in a net present cost of R76.2 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000344#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Struvite production at the CFWWTW is currently unprofitable, recovering only 4.21% to 7.98% of operating costs, largely because South African phosphate fertilizer prices are too low to offset recovery costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000344#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Market analysis suggests that the South African food market may resist fertilizers derived from human waste, making low-grade struvite for non-food secondary markets, such as ornamental plants or commercial fertilizer production, more feasible.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"greenca-000344#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["wastewater treatment","circular economy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["techno-economic assessment","pre-feasibility study","comparative analysis"]}]}