{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["policy research"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":10,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=policy+research","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"clibonds-000977","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000977","title":"Sustainable Debt Global State of the Market 2024","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-05","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Climate-Bonds_Sustainable_Debt_2024_Global-State-of-the-Market_24-Sep-2025.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the cumulative aligned GSS+ market reached USD 5.7 trillion by the end of 2024. Green bonds remain the dominant theme, while sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) saw a significant decrease in aligned volume. Europe continues to be the largest source of aligned GSS+ debt, and the report highlights the growth of sovereign issuance and the development of national taxonomies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"By the end of 2024, the cumulative volume of aligned GSS+ instruments reached USD 5.7 trillion from 54,025 instruments, representing 83% of the total recorded GSS+ volume of USD 6.9 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2024, aligned GSS+ issuance reached USD 1.05 trillion, an 11% increase over 2023. Green bonds accounted for 64% of this volume (USD 672 billion), while sustainability and social bonds grew by 32% and 9% respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Europe was the primary source of aligned GSS+ debt in 2024, contributing USD 475 billion, which is 45% of the total volume. The USA followed with 16% of the volume, marking a 45% year-on-year increase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aligned sustainability-linked bond (SLB) market experienced a sharp decline in 2024, with aligned volume falling 65% to USD 7.9 billion from USD 22.8 billion in 2023. The alignment rate for SLBs dropped to 19% in 2024 from 35% in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sovereign GSS+ issuance reached a cumulative aligned volume of USD 656 billion by the end of 2024, with 59 aligned issuers. Green bonds dominate this segment, accounting for 80% of the cumulative volume.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aligned social bond market grew by 9.1% in 2024 to USD 167.6 billion. Government-backed entities were the primary drivers, accounting for 61% of all aligned social bonds (USD 102.6 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aligned sustainability bond volume increased by 31% in 2024 to USD 206.3 billion. Development banks were the largest contributors, accounting for 41.8% of the aligned volume (USD 86.2 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The blue- and water-labelled GSS+ market saw a decline in 2024, with aligned volume of nearly USD 5.4 billion, an 18% decrease from 2023. Asia-Pacific is now the main source of these bonds, representing 40% of the cumulative volume.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of the SLB market remains non-aligned; the primary reasons for non-alignment are partial GHG scope coverage in targets and a lack of GHG targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme grew by 42% in 2024, with certified volume rising to USD 31.1 billion. Cumulative certified issuance reached USD 298.7 billion by the end of 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000977#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","transition finance","greenhouse gas emissions","Net-zero emissions","climate change adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United States","People's Republic of China","Germany","Thailand","Brazil","India","Japan","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy research"]},{"id":"wri-001796","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001796","title":"Building Resilience Through Knowledge and Collaboration","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"newsletter","language":"en","date_published":"2024-08","source_url":"https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/2024-08/ramp-newsletter-august-2024.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The August 2024 RAMP Roundup details the initiative's efforts to enhance climate resilience through strategic engagements with government ministries and universities in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Key activities include the launch of a 'Foundations Course' in Uganda, the use of the IMF's DIGNAD model for macro-climate modelling, and the establishment of a University Network Seminar Series. The newsletter also highlights research grants on disaster risk management and adaptation finance in Tanzania, Bangladesh, and sub-Saharan Africa, while noting that every dollar invested in adaptation can yield a return of $2 to $10.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001796#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"RAMP is implementing country-specific programs to align climate risk management with local needs, including capacity needs assessments in Ethiopia and strategic mapping in Kenya to embed core curricula into a new MSc program and pursue applied policy research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001796#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Uganda, RAMP delivered its first country Foundations Workshop on the economics and finance of climate change adaptation, training 35 participants from the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED), the National Planning Authority (NPA), and the Bureau of Statistics (NBS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001796#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The RAMP University Network is enhancing technical expertise in macroeconomic climate risk through workshops on the IMF's Debt-Investment-Growth-Natural-Disasters (DIGNAD) model and a seminar series covering public finance, private investment, and sovereign risk.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001796#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Research supported by RAMP grants has produced case studies on disaster risk management and financing in Tanzania, adaptation programs supported by the Green Climate Fund in sub-Saharan Africa, and flood resilience financing in Bangladesh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001796#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proactive investment in climate adaptation is presented as economically beneficial, with a potential return of $2 to $10 for every dollar invested.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001796#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","adaptation finace","disaster risk reduction","public finance","Green Climate Fund"],"geography_discussed":["Tanzania","Bangladesh","United States","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["capacity-building","policy research"]},{"id":"clibonds-001004","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-001004","title":"Sustainable Debt Global State of the Market 2023","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-05","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Global-State-of-the-Market-Report-2023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the aligned GSS+ debt market reached a cumulative volume of USD 4.4 trillion by the end of 2023. Green bonds remain the dominant theme, with 2023 aligned volume reaching USD 587.6 billion, while sustainability and social bonds saw year-on-year declines. Conversely, aligned SLB volume grew by 95% to USD 22.9 billion. Europe was the largest source of aligned GSS+ debt in 2023, while the USA experienced a 38% decline due to anti-ESG sentiment. The report also highlights the growth of 'blue-labelled' debt and the increasing role of sovereign issuers in the GSS+ market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"By 31 December 2023, the cumulative volume of aligned GSS+ instruments reached USD 4.4 trillion from more than 43,000 instruments, representing 80% of the total recorded GSS+ volume of USD 5.5 trillion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aligned green bond volume grew by 15% year-on-year to USD 587.6 billion in 2023, with Europe contributing 53% (USD 309.6 billion) of that total. China was the largest individual country source, contributing USD 83.5 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aligned sustainability bond market declined by 31% in 2023, with volume falling to USD 107.8 billion from USD 156.7 billion in 2022. Mexico was the largest country source of these bonds, contributing USD 11.9 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aligned social bond volume decreased by 7% to USD 153.3 billion in 2023. South Korea emerged as the largest country source, with the Korea Housing Finance Corp (KHFC) alone pricing USD 30.6 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Aligned sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) saw a 95% increase in volume to USD 22.9 billion in 2023. The share of aligned SLBs reached a record high of 35% of the amount issued, though partial GHG scope coverage remains the primary reason for non-alignment by amount.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The sovereign GSS+ market reached a cumulative volume of USD 485.6 billion by the end of 2023, with 50 issuing countries. Brazil became the 50th aligned issuer in November 2023 with a USD 2 billion sustainability deal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Blue-labelled and water-labelled debt experienced a 163% year-on-year increase in 2023, reaching nearly USD 6.4 billion in aligned volume, with a cumulative total of around USD 17 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2023, 1,222 aligned GSS+ instruments were identified as having a portion of their Use of Proceeds (UoP) earmarked for Adaptation and Resilience (A&R) activities, though the total number of such deals dropped by 21% year-on-year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001004#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","climate change adaptation","transition finance","just transition","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism"],"geography_discussed":["Europe","United States","People's Republic of China","Brazil","Mexico","South Korea","Chile","Germany","United Kingdom","Latin America and Caribbean","Africa","Asia-Pacific","Egypt","Rwanda"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy research"]},{"id":"saiia-001940","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001940","title":"Civic Tech in Southern Africa: Alternative Democracy and Governance Futures?","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/SAIIA_OP-345_CivicTech.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper analyzes the growth of civic tech in southern Africa, identifying a strong concentration of initiatives in South Africa and a primary focus on democracy and governance. It explores two diverging pathways: civic tech as a government partner or as an independent, community-driven tool for development. The authors highlight significant barriers, including the digital divide, funding instability, and adversarial relationships between governments and tech innovators, while recommending sustainable funding models and increased digital literacy for public officials.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Civic technology is expanding across southern Africa, though its growth is uneven and heavily concentrated in South Africa, which accounts for approximately 70% of initiatives in the SADC region according to the Civic Tech Innovation Network (CTIN) database.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary application of civic tech in the region is democracy and governance, which represents 64% of initiatives in the CTIN database, with over half of these being web-based platforms focused on open data.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Two distinct trajectories for civic tech are emerging: one that interfaces with government to improve transparency and service delivery, and another that operates independently to build community resilience and advance development in sectors like health, education, and gender.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The relationship between civic tech innovators and governments is frequently adversarial, characterized by a lack of trust and a clash between hierarchical government cultures and the responsive nature of civic tech.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant structural barriers hinder the inclusive adoption of civic tech, most notably a severe digital divide where only 20% of the African population has internet access, alongside high data costs and a lack of digital literacy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Funding for civic tech is currently unsustainable, as projects often rely on donors or governments whose interests may steer the agenda, leading to a need for new models that convert digital skills into income.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a concerning trend toward 'digital dictatorship' in some African nations, where governments use internet shutdowns, social media taxes, and restrictive legislation to silence citizens and constrain the civic tech space.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001940#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["public participation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Kenya","Malawi","Tanzania","Mozambique","Lesotho","Uganda","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["foresight analysis","policy research","database analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-001950","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001950","title":"Moscow’s Continent: The Principles of Russia’s Africa Policy Engagement","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2023-03","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/SAIIA_OP_341_MoscowsContinent.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes Russia's strategic pivot toward Africa as a means to diversify partners and evade Western sanctions following the invasion of Ukraine. It identifies three primary pillars of engagement: economic interests in mining, energy, and agriculture; geopolitical efforts to undermine Western influence in the Sahel and Mediterranean; and the promotion of multipolarity to challenge US-led unipolarity. While Africa is described as a 'policy tool' rather than a central priority, Russia leverages its lack of colonial history and non-conditional military support to gain influence among African states.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Russia's engagement in Africa is driven by three central themes: the pursuit of alternative economic partnerships, the search for geopolitical leverage, and the promotion of multipolarity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Africa is viewed by the Kremlin more as a strategic instrument for broader global interests than as a primary destination of interest in its own right.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia's economic presence in Africa is significantly smaller than that of China, the US, or the EU; in 2021, Russia's total trade with Africa was slightly over $17 billion, compared to over $333 billion for the EU and over $190 billion for China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia utilizes Africa to bypass Western sanctions, specifically by accessing gold from Sudan and diamonds from the Central African Republic, and by using the Chinese UnionPay system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Russian defense industry is a major pillar of collaboration, providing 44% of Africa's imported military equipment between 2017 and 2021, aided by a lack of human rights or governance conditionalities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia seeks to project power in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean by establishing footholds in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and East Africa to create an 'arc of deterrence' and influence trade routes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Wagner Group serves as a key instrument for Russian security presence, providing services in exchange for natural resources in countries such as Mali, Sudan, the CAR, Mozambique, and Libya.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia leverages its role as a major wheat and fertilizer exporter to gain influence and accuse the West of hypocrisy regarding food crises in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia promotes a 'multipolar' world order to align with African nations' frustrations with US liberal hegemony and the 'rules-based world order'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Russian policymaking process for Africa is top-down, starting with the Kremlin, but implementation is often driven by commercial interests, oligarchs, and informal agents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001950#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["mining","nuclear power","energy transition","green economy","petroleum industry","agriculture"],"geography_discussed":["Egypt","Libya","Mali","South Africa","Angola","Guinea","Central African Republic","Sudan","Djibouti","Burkina Faso","Mozambique","Algeria","Ethiopia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["geopolitical analysis","economic analysis","policy research"]},{"id":"clibonds-001037","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-001037","title":"Linking Global Finance to Small-Scale Clean Energy","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Linking-Global-Finance-to-Small-Scale-Clean-Energy.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines how financial aggregation—bundling small-scale energy assets into portfolios—can address the financing gap for distributed renewable energy (DRE) in developing countries. It identifies general SME financing barriers and specific aggregation hurdles, such as lack of track records and currency risk. The document proposes enablers including digital data solutions, standardisation of KPIs, and the use of green, social, and sustainability (GSS) bonds to attract institutional investors. While the market is nascent, the report highlights early successes in Rwanda, Côte d'Ivoire, and Brazil as blueprints for scaling clean energy access.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a significant financing gap for universal energy access; annual investment in electricity access needs to reach USD35bn and clean cooking USD25bn by 2025 to meet SDG7 targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in the off-grid solar (OGS) sector is highly concentrated, with the top ten companies attracting 87% of total global funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial aggregation can reduce risk through diversification and create scalable opportunities that justify transaction costs for buy-side investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several general barriers to SME financing in developing countries, including credit risk, currency risk, country risk, and tenor mismatches.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Buy-side barriers specific to financial aggregation include a lack of historical track records, insufficient transparency and data, and correlation risk where economic disruptions affect all assets in a single geography simultaneously.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sell-side barriers include a lack of domestic expertise, market insensitisation, and deal sizes that are too small to attract professional investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digital solutions and the standardisation of KPIs (such as the PAYGO PERFORM framework) are critical enablers to provide the transparency and comparability required by institutional investors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Thematic debt instruments, specifically Green, Social, and Sustainability (GSS) bonds, can be used to funnel large-scale finance into the DRE sector once assets are aggregated in special purpose vehicles (SPVs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Early examples of financial aggregation include a solar securitisation pilot in Rwanda targeting USD9m and a receivables securitisation program in Côte d'Ivoire aiming for a portfolio worth EUR40m.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Innovative instruments like Distributed Renewable Energy Certificates (D-RECs) and Peace Renewable Energy Credits (P-RECs) can provide additional revenue streams and mitigate foreign exchange risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-001037#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","Mini-grids","clean cooking","climate finance","energy access"],"geography_discussed":["Rwanda","Ivory Coast","Brazil","Kenya","Uganda","Sudan","Kazakhstan","Sierra Leone"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy research","financial modeling"]},{"id":"clibonds-000644","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000644","title":"CHINA GREEN BOND MARKET 2019 RESEARCH REPORT","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-06","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/China-Green-Bond-Market-2019-Research-Report_2025-02-17-163051_qijt.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2019, China's labelled green bond market grew by 33% to USD 55.8 billion, making it the largest global source of such bonds. The market saw a shift in issuer types, with non-financial corporates becoming the largest group and the introduction of the first municipal green bond. While domestic issuance is strong, discrepancies remain between Chinese guidelines and international standards, particularly regarding the use of proceeds for general working capital and the inclusion of 'clean coal' projects. The report recommends harmonizing definitions with international standards, such as those of the EU, and increasing transparency to attract more foreign investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The total volume of Chinese green bonds issued in domestic and overseas markets in 2019 was USD 55.8 billion (RMB 386.2 billion), a 33% increase from USD 42 billion (RMB 282.6 billion) in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Non-financial corporates became the largest issuer type in 2019, with their issuance volume increasing by 54% year-on-year to represent 37% of the total volume.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The People's Government of Jiangxi issued the first municipal green bond from China, with RMB 300 million allocated to two utility tunnel projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among bonds aligned with Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) definitions, transport was the largest theme, increasing 11% to USD 11.2 billion (RMB 78.1 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between domestic and international standards; of the 2019 issuance, USD 31.3 billion (RMB 216.8 billion) aligned with both Chinese and CBI definitions, while USD 24.5 billion (RMB 169.4 billion) only aligned with local definitions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A primary cause for non-alignment with international standards is the allocation of proceeds to general working capital; in 2019, over USD 17 billion (RMB 117.6 billion) of labelled green bonds allocated more than 5% of proceeds to general working capital.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Second-party Opinions (SPOs) became the most common type of external review in 2019, representing 38% of all external reviews by volume.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Green asset-backed securities (ABS) saw strong growth in 2019, with volumes increasing 3.5 times to USD 7.2 billion (RMB 50.3 billion), with public transport revenue receivables as the largest collateral type (40%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"By the end of 2019, the total outstanding amount of China's domestic green bond market was USD 140 billion (RMB 977.2 billion), with 88% (USD 124 billion) reaching maturity within the next five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chinese issuers brought four Certified Climate Bonds to market in 2019 totaling USD 3 billion (RMB 21 billion), including the first certified deal in the domestic market by Jiangsu Financial Leasing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000644#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","renewable energy","water distribution system","transition finance"],"geography_discussed":["Hong Kong","Singapore","United Kingdom","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","policy research"]},{"id":"issafri-002257","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-002257","title":"ECOWAS Peace and Security Report","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2013-05","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ECOWAS-Report-3-ENG.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the vulnerability of Senegal to religious radicalism and terrorism, particularly in the context of the conflict in Mali. While the majority of Senegalese citizens and traditional Sufi brotherhoods are viewed as a shield against extremism, the study identifies a growing minority of youth and 'reformist' movements influenced by Salafism and Wahhabism. These groups often express anti-Western sentiments and hostility toward traditional brotherhoods. The report highlights the risk posed by a dual educational system and the 'Islamisation of political contestation,' recommending a multidisciplinary approach to security and a national dialogue on education to mitigate the risk of radicalisation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Senegal has experienced several security incidents involving suspected Jihadists, including the May 2010 arrest of three members of the Moroccan Islamic Youth Fighters at Dakar's airport and the July 2012 arrest of ten suspected terrorist network members in Dagana.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While most Senegalese view Islam as a religion of peace and see Sufi brotherhoods as a protective shield, a minority—particularly urban youth—express support for Jihadist groups like MUJAO and Ansar al-Dine, viewing their actions as the application of Sharia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pro-Jihadist ideology in Senegal is built upon three primary pillars: pan-Islamic solidarity, a deep anti-Western attitude, and hostility toward traditional Sufi brotherhoods, which are sometimes viewed as 'worshipping of men'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a trend of 'Islamisation of political contestation,' where dissatisfaction with the state and the Francophone elite leads some toward a 'rationalised Islam' and pan-Islamism, making them targets for recruitment by international Jihadist movements like AQIM.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The existence of a dual educational system—comprising official Francophone schools and private Arabic or Koranic schools (daaras)—is identified as a potential source of social divide and frustration that Islamist movements may exploit.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report notes the presence of specific radical actors, such as Imam Mamour Fall of the Islamic Party of Senegal, who has openly claimed links to Osama bin Laden and uses the internet to disseminate international Jihadist discourse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002257#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Mali","Dakar","Saint-Louis","Thiès","M'Bour","Nigeria","Morocco","Guinea-Bissau","The Gambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["qualitative analysis","public opinion survey","policy research"]},{"id":"issafri-000418","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-000418","title":"Connecting Weapons With Violence: The South American Experience","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"1998-03","source_url":"https://issafrica.org/research/monographs/monograph-25-connecting-weapons-with-violence-the-south-american-experience-by-khatchik-der-ghoughassian-snd-leandro-piquet-carneir","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the Towards Collaborative Peace (TCP) project, which examines how the proliferation of small arms and light weapons fuels a 'culture of violence' and undermines democratization in Southern Africa. The project employs a south-south comparative framework, contrasting trends in Southern Africa with those in South American Mercosur countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay). Through field research and a series of publications, the TCP project aims to identify the dynamics of illegal weapons flows and develop regional control mechanisms and local educational packages to mitigate violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000418#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Small arms and light weapons—including landmines, machine guns, grenades, pistols, and rocket launchers—are primary drivers of civilian casualties and abuses of authority during and after wars because they are standard issue during conflict and typically lack control during post-conflict processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000418#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proliferation of small arms in Southern Africa is driven by the distribution of existing massive stocks rather than new imports, which jeopardizes democratization and leads communities to abandon traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms in favor of violent solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000418#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The TCP project specifically examines the impact of failed demobilization and disarmament in Angola and Mozambique, and how the resulting surplus of weapons affects surrounding countries through porous borders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000418#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"As part of its comparative south-south approach, the project analyzes firearm distribution patterns in Mercosur countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay) and investigates emerging cultures of violence in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000418#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South America","Angola","Mozambique","Argentina","Brazil","Paraguay","Uruguay","Buenos Aires","Rio de Janeiro","Namibia","Botswana","Zimbabwe","South Africa","Eswatini","Johannesburg"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative study","policy research"]},{"id":"issafri-001637","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-001637","title":"Land tenure.indd","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/PREF.PDF","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The preface introduces a collaborative research project between the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) and the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) aimed at understanding the links between natural resources, land tenure, and conflict in Africa. It acknowledges the contributions of various researchers, peer reviewers, and informants, specifically noting fieldwork conducted in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Angola. The work was supported by the United States Agency for International Development’s Regional Economic Development and Services Office for Eastern and Southern Africa (REDSO/ESA) and incorporates findings from a December 2004 conference on Land Tenure and Conflict in Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001637#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The publication is a collaborative effort between the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) and the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) to analyze the \"complex dimensions and causes of conflicts in Africa,\" with a specific emphasis on \"environmental aspects of conflict.\"","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001637#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research involved extensive fieldwork and information gathering from individuals and organizations in Burundi, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Angola.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001637#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant portion of the research was informed by a specific conference titled \"Land Tenure and Conflict in Africa\" held at ACTS in December 2004.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-001637#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land tenure","environmental governance","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["Burundi","Democratic Republic of the Congo","Rwanda","Angola","Kenya","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy research"]}]}