{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["operational evaluation"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'operational evaluation' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=operational+evaluation","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"issafri-002031","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-002031","title":"New technologies to address explosive hazards in Africa","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-11","source_url":"https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/pages/1764155169382-Mono-213.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the application of new technologies to address explosive hazards in Africa, including landmines, explosive remnants of war (ERW), improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and ammunition storage area (ASA) explosions. It evaluates remote sensing tools like visible light cameras, thermal imaging, LiDAR, and SAR, alongside AI-powered deep learning for data processing. The document also explores alternative disposal methods such as thermite tools, binary liquid explosives, and explosive harvesting systems. It concludes by assessing technology readiness levels (TRLs) and providing recommendations for African states, the African Union, and donors to modernize HMA operations despite shrinking funding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Humanitarian mine action (HMA) funding has seen significant global reductions in 2025, with African programmes being particularly affected.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The nature of explosive threats in Africa is shifting from conventional landmines and ERW toward the widespread use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), which are the weapon of choice for non-state armed groups in countries such as Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Somalia, and the Central African Republic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Weaponised unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and first-person-view (FPV) drones have introduced new hazards in conflict zones like Sudan, Libya, and Mali, often leaving behind sensitive unexploded ordnance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Accidental or deliberate explosions at ammunition storage areas (ASAs) cause catastrophic casualties and spread high densities of explosive ordnance over wide areas, which are then often looted by non-state armed groups for IEDs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Airborne remote sensing technologies offer significant advantages for HMA by removing operators from danger and covering large areas efficiently. Visible light cameras (TRL 9) are the most affordable, while thermal imaging (TRL 8) is effective in arid environments, and LiDAR (TRL 7 or 8) can penetrate dense vegetation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'data deluge' from high-resolution sensors makes human-only analysis impossible; deep-learning AI models (TRL 7 or 8) are essential to automatically process imagery, increase detection probability, and reduce false alarms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Alternative disposal technologies can mitigate the scarcity of serviceable explosives in Africa: thermite-based tools (TRL 9) for incineration, binary liquid explosives (TRL 9) which are safer to transport, and explosive harvesting systems (TRL 9) that recover explosives from ERW to create demolition charges.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) lag behind technological progress, with no published standards currently covering the use of UAVs, airborne sensors, or AI-based imagery analysis in mine action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-002031#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["remote sensing"],"geography_discussed":["Nigeria","Senegal","Ethiopia","Libya","Angola","Chad"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["technology assessment","policy review","operational evaluation"]},{"id":"sei-001736","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001736","title":"Local Management of Rural Power Supply","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"1999","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-Gullberg-LocalManagementOfRuralPowerSupply-1999.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines a shift in Tanzania's rural electrification strategy from a centralized utility model (TANESCO) to locally managed cooperatives. It focuses on the Urambo Electric Consumers Co-operative Society (UECCO), which took over a diesel-powered system in 1993. Key findings indicate that while local management improved service reliability and financial performance compared to TANESCO's isolated branches, the cooperative struggled with high fuel costs, inadequate bookkeeping, and the need for high tariffs to ensure sustainability. The report also evaluates the use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems, concluding that CFLs and fluorescent tubes are more cost-effective than incandescent bulbs, while individual PV systems are generally more expensive than centralized diesel supply unless the latter is severely under-utilized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Rural electrification in Tanzania has historically been a significant financial burden on the national utility, TANESCO, particularly in isolated diesel-supplied areas where fuel costs are approximately three times the average sale price per kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The transition from un-metered flat rates to metered energy charges in Urambo significantly reduced the average system load from approximately 77 kW in December 1994 to 41 kW in June 1997.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rural consumers in Tanzania showed a higher willingness to pay for electricity than previously assumed, with UECCO charging 0.56 USD/kWh in July 1997, far exceeding TANESCO's residential tariffs of 0.033 to 0.037 USD/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rehabilitating old generator sets in Urambo proved to be an inefficient use of funds; the cost of spare parts rose from an initial estimate of 29,000 USD to 55,935 USD by the end of 1995.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The load structure in Urambo shifted between 1994 and 1997, with lighting decreasing from 59% of the connected load to 30%, while appliances (including a dramatic increase in video players from 15 to 47) grew to 70%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and fluorescent tubes are more cost-effective than incandescent bulbs in Urambo; CFLs are beneficial if they last more than 673 hours at the current tariff.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Individual photovoltaic (PV) systems are generally more expensive than traditional diesel-supplied systems for lighting in villages like Urambo, unless the traditional system's capacity is utilized at less than 50%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UECCO project faced significant managerial shortcomings, including a failure to hold annual general meetings and a lack of audited annual accounts for 1995 and 1996.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electrification in Urambo provided specific benefits for women, including improved security and easier meal preparation, though it did not lead to the creation of new industrial activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001736#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["rural electrification","photovoltaics","energy efficiency","renewable energy","demand-side management","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Mbinga","Shimbi","Sikonge","Bolivia","India","Nepal"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["feasibility study","operational evaluation","comparative analysis","sociological study"]}]}