{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["inventory"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":37,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=inventory&page=2","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002921","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002921","title":"Federal Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Canada: COVID-19 edition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-02/fossil-fuel-subsidies-canada-covid-19.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Canadian government provided at least CAD 1.91 billion in federal fossil fuel subsidies in 2020, representing a jump of over 200% from 2019 levels. This increase was primarily driven by COVID-19 recovery measures, specifically funding for orphan and abandoned well reclamation and support for Newfoundland's offshore oil industry. The report argues that these subsidies are inconsistent with Canada's net-zero emissions by 2050 target and G20 commitments to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. It highlights significant data gaps regarding tax-related subsidies and public finance provided through Export Development Canada (EDC). The author recommends a transparent roadmap for subsidy phase-out by 2025, the alignment of EDC policies with climate goals, and the inclusion of subsidy reform in Canada's next Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2020, the Canadian federal government provided at least CAD 1.91 billion in fossil fuel subsidies, which is an increase of more than 200% compared to 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of the quantified 2020 subsidies resulted from two COVID-19 response measures: a direct transfer to Newfoundland’s offshore oil industry and federal funding for abandoned and orphan wells.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific quantifiable non-tax subsidies in 2020 included CAD 1.52 billion for orphan and inactive well reclamation in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, and CAD 320 million for the Newfoundland & Labrador offshore oil industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies several non-tax subsidies that could not be quantified due to lack of data, including the Emissions Reduction Fund (up to CAD 675 million for onshore and CAD 75 million for offshore companies), the Bank of Canada corporate bond purchase program, and the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Export Development Canada (EDC) provides an average of CAD 13.2 billion annually in public finance to the fossil fuel sector, though the specific subsidy portion is difficult to identify due to low transparency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While some tax-related subsidies are being phased out, others remain, such as flow-through shares (valued at CAD 20 million in FY 2020/21) and the Accelerated Investment Incentive (CAD 3.28 billion in FY 2020/21 across multiple sectors).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that fossil fuel subsidies contradict Canada's climate goals, noting that Canada ranked last among G20 OECD countries regarding progress on phasing out fossil fuel support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002921#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","Net-zero emissions","carbon price","climate finance","just transition","Paris Agreement","public finance"],"geography_discussed":["Alberta","British Columbia","Saskatchewan","Newfoundland and Labrador"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003238","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003238","title":"MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE FOR A NATURE ECONOMY","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-06/mapping-the-landscape-for-a-nature-economy-luc-hoffmann.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies 23 financial transaction mechanisms and 35 enabling frameworks aimed at protecting and restoring nature. It categorizes these mechanisms into fiscal interventions, regulatory instruments, new government-enabled markets, traditional market-based instruments, and hybrid mechanisms. The authors argue that while innovation is high in identifying revenue streams, most mechanisms lack scale due to a reliance on public funding, a need for high private-value-capture potential, and a lack of performance certainty for large capital providers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a significant imbalance between global biodiversity finance and spending on activities that harm biodiversity. Global biodiversity finance is estimated at US$ 78–91 billion per year, while harmful agricultural, forestry, and fishery subsidies are substantially higher.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies five categories of financial transaction mechanisms to assign monetary value to nature: fiscal interventions, regulatory instruments, new government-enabled markets, traditional market-based instruments (including financial markets), and hybrid mechanisms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial viability for nature-based projects is more easily achieved when there is high potential for private value capture, meaning benefits can be easily monetised for a narrow set of beneficiaries. Most conservation projects do not fit this category.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public and philanthropic funding remain the dominant sources for financing nature-based projects, which creates a bottleneck for scaling as public budgets are strained by the COVID-19 pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Most nature-based financial instruments have not been implemented at scale, with some, such as resilience bonds, still in the pilot stage. This is attributed to a lack of a proven track record and uncertainty regarding performance under climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technical impediments to scaling biodiversity finance include the absence of a single unit of measurement for biodiversity (unlike CO2 for climate change), the need for highly localised small-scale projects, and the difficulty of modelling complex ecosystem interactions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report lists various enabling frameworks that support transaction mechanisms, including ecosystem accounting frameworks (e.g., SEEA, TEEB, WAVES), valuation methodologies (e.g., InVEST, ENCORE), and data sources (e.g., GBIF, Global Forest Watch).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003238#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem service","natural capital","climate bond","carbon emission trading","Blended Finance","sustainable finance"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","South Africa","Seychelles","Zimbabwe","Ukraine","Mozambique","Tanzania","Switzerland","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["landscape mapping","inventory","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002098","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002098","title":"Setting the stage for the circular economy","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-09","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2020-sei-naivasha-waste-inventory.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories organic waste in Naivasha, Kenya, identifying significant potential for resource recovery from wastewater, faecal sludge, municipal solid waste, and agro-industrial residues. It highlights existing initiatives such as biogas production at Gorge Farm Energy Park and briquette manufacturing by Sanivation, while noting critical data gaps and stakeholder conflicts in waste collection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Naivasha faces significant sanitation challenges, with 78% of excreta ending up untreated and disposed in the environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The NAIVAWASCO wastewater treatment plant is operating beyond its intended capacity, leading to low treatment efficiency and a backlog of sludge during rainy seasons. It processes up to 80,000 m3 of wastewater per month.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Approximately 84% of the population in Naivasha relies on on-site sanitation, and about 72% of these systems are never emptied.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sanivation operates a circular economy model in Naivasha, converting faecal sludge and biomass into carbonized briquettes ('super balls') and non-carbonized briquettes ('super logs'). As of February 2020, over 1,600 tonnes of carbonized briquettes have been sold.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Municipal solid waste collection in Naivasha is managed by private companies under county tenders, which has caused conflict with previous community-based waste-collection groups, leading to some areas being excluded from service.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Gorge Farm Energy Park, owned by BioJoule, processes approximately 21,900 tonnes of vegetable biomass annually to generate 5,000 m3 of biogas daily, which is converted into electricity and heat.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a vast untapped potential for resource recovery from flower and vegetable residues in Naivasha, estimated at 14.6 million tonnes annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The public slaughterhouse in Naivasha generates significant waste streams annually, including approximately 150 m3 of blood, 20 tonnes of ingesta, and 70 tonnes of hides and skins.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A critical lack of routine data collection and archiving by sub-county authorities hinders the management of organic waste streams.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002098#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["circular economy","waste management","organic waste","biogas","wastewater treatment","bioenergy"],"geography_discussed":["Nakuru County","Stockholm","Chía","Colombia","Sweden"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","stakeholder analysis","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-002596","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002596","title":"Canada's Federal Fossil Fuel Subsidies in 2020","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/canada-fossil-fuel-subsidies-2020-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that federal fossil fuel subsidies in Canada for FY 2019/20 totaled nearly CAD 600 million, though this is a conservative estimate due to missing data on tax-related subsidies and specific projects. It highlights a shift in government support from exploration toward infrastructure and exports, particularly for the natural gas sector. Key examples include a CAD 275 million transfer to LNG Canada and ongoing support for the Trans Mountain pipeline. The document also identifies carbon pricing exemptions as effective subsidies for fossil fuel consumption and notes that provincial subsidies generally outpace federal ones. It recommends that Canada include subsidy reform in its next Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and complete its G20 peer review by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Federal fossil fuel subsidies for consumption and production in FY 2019/20 totaled nearly CAD 600 million, an increase from 2018 driven by investments in oil and gas infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total subsidy figure is considered a conservative estimate because it excludes tax-related subsidies, credit support from Export Development Canada (EDC), and subsidies for the Trans Mountain project due to a lack of publicly available data.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There has been a strategic shift in federal subsidies, moving away from exploration—aided by the rationalization of the Canadian Exploration Expense—toward the development of infrastructure and exports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The natural gas sector has seen increased support, notably through a CAD 275 million direct transfer to the LNG Canada project in British Columbia and a steel tariff exemption for imported steel modules valued at at least CAD 1 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Exemptions within the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, such as those for registered fuel carriers, farmers, and fishers, function as fossil fuel subsidies for consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The federal government's ownership and support of the Trans Mountain pipeline and expansion likely involves multiple subsidy elements, including coverage of operational deficits and assumed liability for environmental risks, though the total value is difficult to quantify.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Provincial fossil fuel subsidies are reported to be significantly higher than federal subsidies, accounting for billions of dollars annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002596#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","natural gas","liquefied natural gas","carbon price","infrastructure investment","just transition","Nationally Determined Contributions","greenhouse gas emissions","oil sands"],"geography_discussed":["British Columbia","Alberta","Northwest Territories"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002597","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002597","title":"Subventions fédérales aux combustibles fossiles au Canada en 2020","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2020-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/canada-fossil-fuel-subsidies-2020-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report estimates that Canadian federal fossil fuel subsidies reached nearly 600 million CAD in 2019-2020, though this is considered a low estimate due to missing data on tax expenditures and specific projects like Trans Mountain. The analysis highlights a shift in funding from exploration toward production, infrastructure, and export, with a notable increase in support for the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector. The authors argue that these subsidies hinder Canada's ability to meet Paris Agreement targets and recommend incorporating subsidy reform into the next Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Federal fossil fuel subsidies in Canada were estimated at nearly 600 million CAD for the 2019-2020 period, an increase from 2018 driven by infrastructure investments in the oil and gas sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 600 million CAD figure is a low estimate because it excludes tax-related subsidies and projects where public data is unavailable, such as the Trans Mountain pipeline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There has been a strategic shift in federal funding, moving away from exploration subsidies—due to tax reforms—toward the development of infrastructure and the export of fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector has received significant targeted support, including a 275 million CAD direct contribution to LNG Canada in British Columbia and a tariff exemption on steel for LNG modules.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon pricing exemptions act as consumption subsidies; for example, methane leaks from oil and gas facilities are not priced despite accounting for 44% of Canada's methane emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Export Development Canada (EDC) provides substantial public funding for fossil fuels, with activities in this sector being 12 times higher than those for clean technologies between 2012 and 2017.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a critical lack of transparency from the Department of Finance and other agencies, which prevents an accurate quantification of the total value of fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002597#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","liquefied natural gas","greenhouse gas emissions","Nationally Determined Contributions","Paris Agreement","energy transition","methane emissions","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["British Columbia","Alberta","Northwest Territories"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000027","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000027","title":"The (Public) Cost of Pollution: Ontario's fossil fuel subsidies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-07-30","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/public-cost-pollution","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Ontario provides nearly CAD 700 million annually in public subsidies for fossil fuel consumption, with the largest portions consisting of tax exemptions for aviation, rail, and agricultural fuels, as well as direct spending on natural gas expansion. The report argues these subsidies represent foregone revenue and encourage pollution, recommending a transparent self-review, a phase-out action plan, and strict guidelines for any new subsidies to facilitate a transition to a clean economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000027#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Ontario provides nearly CAD 700 million in public subsidies for fossil fuel consumption annually, which the report states encourages their use and contributes to climate change pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000027#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The largest fossil fuel subsidies in Ontario for 2018/19 include CAD 320 million in tax exemptions for aviation and rail industry fuels, CAD 225 million in tax exemptions for coloured fuel used in agriculture, and at least CAD 100 million in direct spending on natural gas expansion from Budget 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000027#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report recommends that Ontario undertake a transparent self-review of subsidies, develop a phase-out action plan, establish strict guidelines to prevent new subsidies unless they are essential and consistent with a low-carbon economy, and engage with the Government of Canada regarding the G20 peer review of fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000027#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","low-carbon economy","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-003378","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003378","title":"The (Public) Cost of Pollution: Ontario’s fossil fuel subsidies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-07","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/public-cost-of-pollution.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies that Ontario provided nearly CAD 700 million in public subsidies for fossil fuel consumption in 2018/19. These primarily consist of tax exemptions for aviation, railway, and agricultural fuels, as well as direct spending on natural gas infrastructure. The authors argue that these subsidies distort the market and hinder climate goals, recommending a transparent provincial self-review to identify more sustainable alternatives for energy affordability and industry competitiveness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2018/19, Ontario provided nearly CAD 700 million in public subsidies for fossil fuel consumption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel tax exemptions in Ontario totaled at least CAD 288 million in 2018/19, with the most significant being exemptions for coloured fuels, which have ranged between CAD 215 million and CAD 270 million annually over the last four years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The reduced tax rate for aviation fuel resulted in a value of at least CAD 260 million in foregone revenue for 2018/19, despite Ontario having the highest aviation gasoline tax rate in Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Railway diesel benefits from a reduced fuel tax rate of 4.5 cents per litre, representing an annual economic value of approximately CAD 60 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ontario has invested in natural gas infrastructure through the Natural Gas Grant Program, with a CAD 100 million budget allocation and 11 projects announced in 2018 totaling roughly CAD 75 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The province has provided direct funding for a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant on the north shore of Lake Superior, with CAD 27 million for the first phase and CAD 3.4 million for the second phase via the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bill 32 introduced a cross-subsidy mechanism through rate protections that allow some consumers to access natural gas at a rate below the cost of service, with costs borne by other selected classes of consumers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003378#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon dioxide emissions","energy transition","natural gas","energy access","renewable energy","energy efficiency"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Alberta","Quebec","Nunavut","British Columbia","Manitoba","New Brunswick","Newfoundland & Labrador","Prince Edward Island","Saskatchewan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","policy assessment"]},{"id":"sei-000223","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000223","title":"Sustainable Management and Resilience of Arctic Wetlands","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-03-22","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/sustainable-management-resilience-arctic-wetlands/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details the first phase of an Arctic Council project led by the CAFF Working Group, focusing on the inventory and scientific review of Arctic wetlands. It emphasizes the role of these environments in biodiversity, hydrology, and carbon storage, while highlighting the necessity of integrating indigenous knowledge into wetland management to counter historical misconceptions of wetlands as wastelands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000223#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Historically, wetlands have been misperceived as 'wastelands', leading to destructive practices such as draining, landfilling, and paving, which eliminate critical ecosystem functions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000223#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The first phase of the project focused on creating wetland inventories to establish baselines for policy-making and reviewing research on how climate change impacts wetland hydrology, biodiversity, and carbon storage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000223#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study identifies that wetlands are central to indigenous livelihoods and asserts that the inclusion of local and indigenous knowledge is a requirement for effective wetland management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000223#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["biodiversity","hydrology","carbon capture and storage","climate change","traditional knowledge","sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["literature review","inventory"]},{"id":"glorespar-000071","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glorespar-000071","title":"DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE SUMMARY FINDINGS","publisher":{"name":"Global Resilience Partnership","organization":"global-resilience-partnership"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-05","source_url":"https://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/digitaltechnologiesforresilienceinventory_may2017.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories over 125 submissions of digital technologies designed to build resilience, primarily in the Asia-Pacific region. It categorizes these tools by technology type, scale of impact, supported systems, and primary focus (preparedness, recurring event response, or catastrophic event response). The inventory details specific projects, such as the use of satellite data for flood risk in India, mobile health programs in India, and 3D printing for medical supplies in Nepal, highlighting a strong trend toward pro-poor focus and the use of mobile-based communication (SMS, IVR) and geospatial data (GIS, remote sensing) to support vulnerable populations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory was based on more than 125 submissions, which were filtered to include only those with \"clear resilience relevance\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant number of the listed technologies are designed with a pro-poor focus or aim to empower the poor, as indicated by 117 submissions answering 'Yes' to this focus.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mobile-based communication tools, including SMS, IVR (Interactive Voice Response), and mobile applications, are widely used to deliver early warnings and agricultural advice. Examples include the 'KHUSHAAL ZAMINDAR' service in Pakistan, which provides localized weather and agronomic advisory to 2.7 million farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Geospatial technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, and satellite imagery, are central to disaster preparedness and response. The 'Global Flood Risk Dashboard' by Cloud to Street uses satellite data to identify vulnerable populations, such as 197,000 people at extreme risk in Uttarakhand, India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Digital tools are being used to improve maternal and child health as a means of building family resilience. The 'Kilkari' program in India provides audio-based health messages to nearly 10 million new and expecting mothers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Innovative hardware is being deployed for emergency response, such as the 'Movable and Deployable ICT Resource Unit (MDRU)' in the Philippines and Japan, which establishes communication networks in disaster zones using WiFi and satellite connections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"3D printing is utilized to bypass disrupted supply chains during disasters, as seen with Field Ready's kits in Nepal and Haiti to produce essential medical devices on-demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial inclusion tools, such as 'Risk-contingent credit (RCC)' by IFPRI, use satellite-derived drought indices to trigger insurance-linked credit, reducing production risk for farmers in Kenya and India.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Open-source data platforms like GeoNode and OpenStreetMap are used to share geospatial resilience data globally, facilitating responses to events like the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'PetaBencana.id' platform in Indonesia uses a \"people as sensors\" approach, harnessing social media data to provide real-time flood monitoring for over 50 million residents in three mega cities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glorespar-000071#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["disaster risk reduction","early warning system","climate change adaptation","remote sensing","Agricultural technology","food security","urban resilience"],"geography_discussed":["Philippines","India","Nepal","Bangladesh","Indonesia","Kenya","Ghana","Sri Lanka","Pakistan","Cambodia","Laos","Vietnam","Thailand","Myanmar","Maldives","Fiji","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","summary findings"]},{"id":"cdkn-000031","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000031","title":"An inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from tourism related activities in Chiang Mai municipality, Thailand","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2014-08-08","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/resource/inventory-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-tourism-chiang-mai-municipality-thailand","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies that tourism activities in Chiang Mai municipality emitted approximately 4.4 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 2011, with travel being the primary source of emissions and large hotels being the largest contributing business type.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000031#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2011, tourism sector activities in Chiang Mai municipality emitted approximately 4,417,510 tons of CO2 equivalent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000031#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Travel, encompassing visitors from other Thai cities and international locations, is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 4,228,702 tons of CO2 equivalent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000031#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among tourism businesses in Chiang Mai, large hotels are the highest emitters of greenhouse gases, followed by restaurants and local transportation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000031#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","sustainable tourism","tourism industry","Transportation emission"],"geography_discussed":["Huế","Vietnam"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"cdkn-000056","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cdkn-000056","title":"An Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tourism related activities in Hue city, Vietnam","publisher":{"name":"Climate and Development Knowledge Network","organization":"climate-and-development-knowledge-network"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2014-08-08","source_url":"https://cdkn.org/resource/inventory-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-tourism-related-activities-hue-vietnam","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories greenhouse gas emissions from tourism-related activities in Hue City, Vietnam, for the year 2011. To collect this data, the study utilized structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with fifty tourism-engaged entities of varying scales. The work was produced as part of the SUMERNET research call focusing on sustainable urban tourism and low-carbon initiatives in Hue and Chiang Mai.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000056#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The 2011 greenhouse gas emissions inventory for tourism in Hue City was based on data collected from fifty tourism-related entities of different scales using face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cdkn-000056#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","sustainable tourism"],"geography_discussed":["Chiang Mai","Thailand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-002865","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002865","title":"Fossil Fuels – At What Cost?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2012-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ffs_awc_russia_eng.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies significant government support for Russia's upstream oil and gas sector, totaling US$8.1 billion in 2009 and US$14.4 billion in 2010. These subsidies, primarily in the form of tax holidays and export duty exemptions, are heavily skewed toward the development of new fields in frontier areas, particularly the Arctic, rather than improving recovery efficiency at existing fields. The study highlights the environmental risks associated with Arctic expansion and argues that reforming these subsidies is essential for decarbonizing the economy and meeting international commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Quantified federal subsidies to oil and gas producers in Russia rose from US$8.1 billion in 2009 to US$14.4 billion in 2010. This increase was primarily driven by the introduction of export customs duty exemptions for new onshore oil fields in East Siberia and increased production at fields eligible for mineral extraction tax (MET) holidays.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Relief on the mineral extraction tax and export duties constitutes the majority of the identified federal subsidies, accounting for US$9.8 billion in 2010, or 68 per cent of the total value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies are heavily skewed toward the development of new fields, especially in the Arctic, while improved recovery and energy efficiency at existing fields are under-supported. For example, increasing the projected oil recovery factor in Russia by 5 per cent (from 37 per cent to 42 per cent) would yield over 4 billion tonnes of additional recoverable reserves, far exceeding the reserves of new Arctic fields like Prirazlomnoe (72 million tonnes).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The minimum cumulative amount of subsidies provided under Russia's three production-sharing agreements (Sakhalin-1, Sakhalin-2, and Kharyaga) was estimated at US$5.4 billion in 2008, US$3.5 billion in 2009, and US$4.9 billion in 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory loopholes allowing tax minimization through transfer pricing are identified as a significant, though difficult to quantify, form of income support likely worth several billion US dollars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 30 federal subsidy schemes, with the largest in 2010 being the export duty exemption for East Siberian oil (approx. US$4 billion) and MET tax holidays for East Siberian oil (approx. US$2 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia's energy intensity is among the highest in the world; the IEA estimates that if Russia used energy as efficiently as comparable OECD northern countries in 2008, it could have saved over 200 million tonnes of oil equivalent, roughly 30 per cent of its consumption that year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Russian government uses a 'manual control' approach for export-customs duties on certain fields, such as those in East Siberia and the Caspian Sea, waiving or reducing subsidies once a field reaches an 'acceptable' profitability rate of 15–17 per cent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Environmental costs are often externalized, with the Russian government incurring costs for disaster management and oil spill mitigation, particularly in the Arctic, where no proven techniques for cleanup exist.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional subsidies are primarily provided as tax expenditures (profits and property tax) and are considered less significant than federal subsidies due to the high degree of centralization in Russia's fiscal system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002865#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy efficiency","greenhouse gas emissions","climate finance","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["Canada","Norway","Indonesia","East Siberia","Caspian Sea","Sakhalin","Yamal Peninsula"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","quantification","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002866","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002866","title":"Государственная поддержка добычи нефти и газа в России: какой ценой?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"ru","date_published":"2012-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ffs_awc_russia_ru.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a comprehensive inventory of state support for Russia's oil and gas sector, identifying 30 federal subsidy schemes. It quantifies 17 of these at 8.1 billion USD in 2009 and 14.4 billion USD in 2010, noting a significant increase driven by tax breaks for new fields in Eastern Siberia. The analysis highlights a policy bias toward the extensive development of new fields, particularly in the Arctic, over intensive improvements in energy efficiency and recovery rates. It argues that such subsidies increase environmental risks in fragile ecosystems and contradict Russia's international commitments to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Federal subsidies for oil and gas production in Russia increased significantly from 8.1 billion USD in 2009 to 14.4 billion USD in 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary drivers for the increase in subsidies between 2009 and 2010 were the introduction of export duty exemptions for new fields in Eastern Siberia and tax holidays for the Mineral Extraction Tax (MET) in regions such as the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tax breaks on the Mineral Extraction Tax (MET) and export duties constituted the largest portion of quantified subsidies, totaling 9.8 billion USD in 2010, or 68% of the total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for oil and gas production in Russia were equivalent to 4.2% of the value of all oil and gas produced in 2009 and 6.0% in 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Production under three Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs)—Sakhalin-1, Sakhalin-2, and Kharyaga—resulted in subsidies estimated at 5.4 billion USD in 2008, 3.5 billion USD in 2009, and 4.9 billion USD in 2010.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russian state policy heavily favors the extensive development of new fields, especially in the Arctic, while neglecting the intensive path of increasing recovery rates and energy efficiency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The actual oil recovery coefficient in Russia was only 20% in 2009, significantly lower than in the US (35%) or the North Sea province (46%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies for the oil and gas sector encourage expansion into the Arctic despite significant gaps in scientific knowledge, inadequate project management, and a lack of technical capacity to clean up oil spills in ice conditions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies 30 federal subsidy schemes, including direct funding, tax expenditures, and the provision of state-owned resources at below-market prices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transfer pricing loopholes allowed oil and gas companies to minimize tax payments by several billion dollars per year, though a new law effective January 1, 2012, is expected to eliminate this form of support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002866#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","fossil fuel industry","greenhouse gas emissions","energy efficiency","climate change"],"geography_discussed":["Arctic","Eastern Siberia","Nenets Autonomous District","Yamal Peninsula","Canada","Norway"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","quantitative assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002563","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002563","title":"Consumption-Based Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for Oregon - 2005 Summary Report","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2011-08-02","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate-mitigation-adaptation/SEI-Oregon-CBEI-summary-report.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Oregon's consumption-based emissions footprint in 2005 was 78 million metric tons of CO2e, which is 47 percent greater than the emissions released within state boundaries. The largest contributors to these emissions are personal vehicles, appliances, and food and beverages, which together account for half of the total impact. The analysis highlights that a significant portion of Oregon's emissions (54%) are released outside the state due to international and national supply chains. The authors recommend that Oregon adopt regular consumption-based inventories and set specific emissions-reduction targets for consumption to maximize global climate benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Oregon's consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions footprint for 2005 was estimated at 78 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMT CO2e), which is approximately 47 percent higher than the emissions released within the state's boundaries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"More than half of the emissions associated with Oregon's consumption are released outside the state; specifically, 42 million MMT CO2e (54%) occurred outside Oregon, while 36 million MMT CO2e (46%) occurred within the state.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three product categories—personal vehicles, appliances, and food and beverages—account for half of the total greenhouse gas impacts of Oregon's consumption, totaling 39.7 MMT CO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'producer' phase of the product life cycle is the largest source of emissions at 39.0 MMT CO2e, followed closely by the 'use' phase at 32.0 MMT CO2e, while pre-purchase transportation contributes a relatively small share of about 4 percent (3.4 MMT CO2e).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Within the food and beverage category, red meat and dairy and eggs are the largest sources of household emissions due to the methane produced by ruminant digestive tracts and the emissions from feed requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Oregon's per-capita consumption-based emissions are 21.5 tons CO2e, which is significantly higher than the 2005 world average of 7.1 tons CO2e per person and China's 2001 level of 3.1 tons CO2e per person.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reducing the waste of food at the source (production and purchasing) has a much higher potential for emissions reduction than managing waste after it is produced, as upstream emissions are roughly 30 times higher than disposal emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002563#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon footprint","life cycle assessment","sustainable consumption","food system","Transportation emission","energy efficiency","government procurement"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative","inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-003246","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003246","title":"INVENTORY OF ECOSYSTEM INDICATORS IN CANADA’S NORTH FOR THE NORTHERN ECOSYSTEM INITIATIVE","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2005-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/measure_nei.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies over 330 ecosystem indicators across 22 initiatives in Canada's North, highlighting a significant gap between the abundance of individual research projects and the lack of coherent, systemic indicator frameworks. It argues for a more holistic interpretation of ecosystems that includes human community health and external stressors like climate change, while emphasizing the need for data aggregation, international standardization, and meaningful community involvement to make monitoring scientifically and managerially relevant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory identified 22 ecosystem indicator initiatives and over 330 individual ecosystem indicators as of February 7, 2005.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of coherence and systemic depth in northern monitoring; most projects are driven by specific issues or environmental media rather than broad indicator frameworks, making it difficult to aggregate data for reporting on the state of the environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that existing monitoring programs and institutional arrangements are only partially adequate to meet the Northern Ecosystem Initiative's goals of supporting ecosystem sustainability, mobilizing partners for sustainable development, and building community capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant gap exists in the form of a comprehensive 'state of the environment (SOE) report' for the North, which is necessary to identify critical driving forces, pressures, impacts, and responses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts suggest adopting a broader, holistic interpretation of ecosystems that includes human community health and external stressors—such as climate change, toxic pollution, and social stressors—rather than a narrow nature-focused definition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Scientific monitoring in the North is hindered by patchy historical data, low measurement density due to high costs, and a lack of institutionalized structures, often relying on individual commitments rather than formal mandates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a noted disconnect between scientific monitoring goals and policy-making needs; monitoring is often designed for scientific research rather than to answer specific policy questions (e.g., food safety), which limits its relevance to decision-makers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a severe lack of data aggregation, describing current efforts as a \"shopping list\" of independent variables rather than integrated indices that can inform policy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Successful community-based monitoring, such as the Arctic Borderlands Ecological Knowledge Co-op, relies on involving aboriginal people as owners of the monitoring process and maintaining a slow, simple dialogue to build trust.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003246#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","sustainable development","biodiversity"],"geography_discussed":["World","Alaska"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","literature review","expert interviews"]},{"id":"iisd-001328","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001328","title":"energy-subsidies-inventory-spain-2023-d3e4eb3a4c6a1951.pdf","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-11/energy-subsidies-inventory-spain-2023.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines Spain's energy taxation system, primarily governed by the Hydrocarbon Tax (IEH) and the Special Tax on Coal, which are aligned with EU Directive 2003/96/EC. It details various tax subsidies, including reduced rates and exemptions for diesel in agriculture, professional transport, and aviation. To transition away from fossil fuels, Spain has implemented Law 7/2021, which prohibits new hydrocarbon exploration and mandates that new tax benefits for fossil fuels be justified by social or economic interest. The report also lists support mechanisms for renewables, such as the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and the PERTE ERHA, aimed at promoting green hydrogen, storage, and energy efficiency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001328#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Spain utilizes the Hydrocarbon Tax (IEH) and the Special Tax on Coal to raise revenue and incorporate the social costs of fossil fuel consumption into market prices, adhering to EU Council Directive 2003/96/EC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001328#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Spanish government provides specific tax subsidies for hydrocarbons, including reduced rates for diesel used in agricultural vehicles and stationary engines, as well as exemptions for air navigation (excluding private recreational flights) and rail transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001328#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under Law 7/2021 on climate change and energy transition, Spain has banned the granting of new hydrocarbon exploration authorizations, research permits, or exploitation concessions across its national territory, including the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001328#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Spain is implementing measures to replace fossil fuels with renewable alternatives, including the promotion of biogas, biomethane, and hydrogen, and providing aid for self-consumption and energy renovation through the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and the PERTE ERHA.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001328#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","green hydrogen","biogas","renewable natural gas","energy efficiency","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","carbon leakage","sustainable transport"],"geography_discussed":["European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-001670","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001670","title":"Inventaire suisse des subventions aux énergies fossiles","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-03/inventaire-suisse-accts-ffsr-publication-coffis.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories Swiss fossil fuel subsidies according to the ACCTS framework, detailing specific exemptions, measures aligned with the Standardized Carbon Price Measure (SCPM), and non-exempt subsidies. It highlights that the ACCTS provides the first legal definition of fossil fuel subsidies, focusing on mechanisms that promote production or consumption rather than just trade distortion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001670#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The ACCTS framework defines fossil fuel subsidies as mechanisms that promote the production or consumption of fossil fuels, specifically including state financial contributions and support for revenues or prices to lower usage costs or encourage production across the value chain, including tax reductions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001670#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Switzerland utilizes the Standardized Carbon Price Measure (SCPM) mechanism, which allows financial contributions to consumption to be considered subsidies only if they cause the carbon price to fall below a committed level.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001670#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2023, the largest identified subsidy under specific exceptions was the exemption for aviation fuels, totaling 1,517,363 thousand francs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001670#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Other identified subsidies under specific exceptions in 2023 include reimbursements for greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments (155,820 thousand francs), institutional beneficiary exemptions (5,323 thousand francs), and international agreement-based exemptions (2,596 thousand francs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001670#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inventory lists non-exempt subsidies including customs enclaves in Samnaun and Sampuoir (7,720 thousand francs), partial reimbursements for certain stationary uses (3,122 thousand francs), and partial reimbursements for CCF installations (278 thousand francs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001670#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Samnaun","Sampuoir"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]}]}