{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["inventory"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":37,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=inventory","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=inventory&page=2","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-000344","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000344","title":"Nature-based solutions inventory Zimbabwe","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/nature-based-solutions-inventory-zimbabwe","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The inventory identifies nature-based solutions (NbS) in Zimbabwe, focusing on reforestation and wildlife corridor conservation in biodiversity hotspots like Hwange and Zambezi National Parks. These projects integrate traditional knowledge with modern practices across sectors such as water management and sustainable agriculture to combat droughts, unpredictable rainfall, and rising temperatures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000344#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based solutions projects in Zimbabwe are primarily focused on reforestation and wildlife corridor conservation, with geographic concentrations in the Victoria Falls region, Zambezi Valley, Zambezi National Park, and Hwange National Park.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000344#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS interventions in Zimbabwe operate across forestry, wildlife conservation, sustainable agriculture, and water management sectors to address climate challenges such as rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and prolonged droughts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000344#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many projects utilize a community-based approach that combines modern conservation practices with Traditional Knowledge to ensure local ownership and the equitable distribution of benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000344#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","reforestation","ecosystem-based adaptation","water management","sustainable agriculture","forestry","biodiversity conservation","climate resilience","carbon sink"],"geography_discussed":["Hwange National Park","Zambezi National Park","Zambezi Valley","Victoria Falls","Namibia","Uganda","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-000984","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000984","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Namibia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/nature-based-solutions-inventory-namibia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The inventory details nature-based solutions (NbS) in Namibia, emphasizing community-based natural resource management and the integration of biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation. It highlights the critical need for NbS due to Namibia's high vulnerability to arid conditions, recurrent droughts, and land degradation, which threaten agriculture, tourism, and rural livelihoods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000984#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based solutions in Namibia rely heavily on community-based natural resource management to enable local communities to manage and benefit from resources sustainably. Most projects integrate biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation and pursue multifunctional goals, including sustainable agriculture, dryland restoration, and livelihood diversification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000984#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Namibia's high climate vulnerability is driven by its arid and semi-arid climate, limited rainfall, and dependence on climate-sensitive resources. Specific risks include rising temperatures, water scarcity, desertification, and recurrent droughts, which impact rangeland productivity, soil moisture, and the natural resource base supporting livestock and tourism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000984#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Capacity building is a strategic component of NbS implementation, delivered via self-help groups and local institutions. Training focuses on governance, market linkages, climate-smart agriculture, and ecosystem-based adaptation principles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000984#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","biodiversity conservation","sustainable agriculture","Climate-smart agriculture","desertification","land degradation","water scarcity"],"geography_discussed":["Uganda","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-000097","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000097","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Zambia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/nature-based-solutions-inventory-zambia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document inventories nature-based solutions (NbS) in Zambia, emphasizing the integration of community-driven conservation, gender-responsive approaches, and livelihood development. It highlights Zambia's high economic dependency on natural resources—with agriculture, forests, and fisheries contributing significantly to GDP—which increases vulnerability to climate threats like erratic rainfall and droughts. The inventory aims to align these projects with national frameworks and avoid duplication among stakeholders.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000097#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Zambia's economy is heavily reliant on natural resources, with agriculture employing approximately 70% of the population and contributing about 3.4% of the GDP, while forests and fisheries contribute roughly 4.7% and 3.3% of the GDP respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000097#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nature-based solutions in Zambia are designed to be sustainable and inclusive by integrating capacity building, policy alignment, and gender-responsive approaches that engage women, youth, and marginalized groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000097#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS initiatives in Zambia often combine environmental gains with economic livelihood strategies, such as beekeeping and the sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products, while utilizing Traditional Knowledge systems and participatory governance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000097#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","biodiversity","climate change adaptation","food security"],"geography_discussed":["Sioma Ngwezi National Park"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-000297","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000297","title":"Nature-Based Solutions for Adaptation in Uganda","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/nature-based-solutions-inventory-uganda","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories nature-based solutions (NbS) in Uganda since 2015, noting that these interventions are distributed across diverse ecosystems including wetlands, forests, and savannahs. It highlights that NbS projects typically address coupled societal challenges—such as food insecurity and water stress—and focus on reducing habitat degradation rather than species-specific conservation. While social inclusion is present, the report notes it is uneven across the project portfolio.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000297#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based solutions in Uganda are distributed across a wide variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, catchments, protected areas, forest landscapes, mountains, peatlands, river systems, and savannah, covering both rural agricultural and ecologically sensitive areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000297#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS projects in Uganda address interconnected societal challenges, where issues like food insecurity, water stress, floods, droughts, declining agricultural production, and biodiversity pressure frequently occur together.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000297#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"From a biodiversity standpoint, most Ugandan NbS focus on mitigating habitat degradation, wetland encroachment, riverbank erosion, forest loss, invasive species, and catchment decline rather than focusing on specific species conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000297#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social inclusion within the NbS portfolio is inconsistent, although some projects demonstrate gender-responsive design, women's participation, and benefits for marginalized groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000297#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","climate change adaptation","biodiversity","ecological restoration","water security","food insecurity","forest conservation","social inclusion"],"geography_discussed":["Namibia","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-001837","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001837","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Namibia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/nature-based-solutions-inventory-namibia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a detailed inventory of 11 nature-based solutions (NbS) projects in Namibia, focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to combat drought, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. It highlights the central role of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern conservation. Key interventions include agroforestry, sustainable rangeland management, and the development of biodiversity-based livelihoods such as beekeeping and eco-tourism. The document details project locations across nine regions, their intended beneficiaries, and the specific climate and biodiversity risks they address, serving as a resource for government officials and practitioners to identify synergies and gaps in NbS implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a fundamental element of NbS in Namibia, enabling local communities to manage natural resources sustainably by combining traditional practices with modern conservation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Namibia is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its arid climate and dependence on natural resources, with 83% of rainfall lost to direct evaporation and 14% to evapotranspiration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inventory identifies 11 NbS for adaptation projects distributed across nine regions, with the highest concentration of projects located in the Zambezi region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS projects in Namibia frequently integrate biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation, often focusing on multifunctional goals such as dryland restoration, sustainable agriculture, and livelihood diversification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific NbS interventions across the documented projects include the use of assisted natural regeneration for land restoration, the planting of agroforestry trees to improve soil and water infiltration, and the implementation of human-wildlife coexistence measures using bees and chili plants as deterrents against elephants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project (NACOMA) expanded protected coastal ecosystems by supporting the proclamation of Dorob National Park, which added over 1.6 million hectares of protected area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001837#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","biodiversity conservation","agroforestry","sustainable agriculture","Climate-smart agriculture","ecotourism","water security","carbon sequestration","coastal management"],"geography_discussed":["Zambezi Region","Kunene Region","Erongo Region","Otjozondjupa Region","Oshikoto Region","Kavango East Region","Kavango West Region","Ohangwena Region","Omusati Region","Karas Region"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-001838","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001838","title":"Nature-Based Solutions for Adaptation in Uganda","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/nature-based-solutions-inventory-uganda.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The inventory identifies a diverse range of NbS in Uganda, primarily focused on wetland and catchment restoration, forest management, and agroforestry. These interventions address coupled challenges of food insecurity, water stress, and disaster risk. Key projects include the GCF FP034 wetland restoration and the CAPA Initiative in the Greater Virunga Landscape. While social inclusion is present, it is unevenly documented across the portfolio.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Uganda's NbS for adaptation are distributed across multiple ecosystem types rather than being dominated by one, including wetlands, protected areas, forest landscapes, mountain ecosystems, peatlands, river systems, savannah parklands, and restoration mosaics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most frequent interventions focus on wetland and catchment restoration, forest and protected area management, and landscape restoration, primarily to improve water security and livelihood resilience.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS interventions in Uganda typically employ integrated packages—combining ecosystem rehabilitation, buffer zone protection, community engagement, and alternative livelihoods—rather than single activities like tree planting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biodiversity benefits in these projects are generally achieved by improving overall ecosystem conditions and reducing pressures such as encroachment and erosion, rather than through species-specific conservation targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social inclusion efforts, including gender-responsive design and focus on marginalized groups like refugees and the Batwa, are present but unevenly documented across the project portfolio.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The GCF FP034 project reported restoring 38,317 ha of degraded wetlands and 1,655 ha of degraded catchment by December 2022, while supporting 17,422 households through alternative livelihoods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The CAPA Initiative in the Greater Virunga Landscape has reforested over 350 ha of wildfire-degraded land in Rwenzori Mountains National Park and cleared over 200 ha of invasive species in Queen Elizabeth National Park.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Awoja ecosystem, WWF reporting indicates that wetland restoration increased from 35% to 80% within two years, and vegetation cover rose from 15% to 48%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inventory identifies significant gaps in NbS coverage, noting that dryland systems, urban ecosystems, and certain northern and northeastern regions are comparatively underrepresented.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001838#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","agroforestry","water security","Flood mitigation","soil erosion","landslide","biodiversity conservation","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Greater Virunga Landscape","Mount Elgon","Rwenzori Mountains National Park","Queen Elizabeth National Park","Bwindi Impenetrable National Park","Mpologoma","Mpanga","Awoja","Rwanda"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001839","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001839","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Zambia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/nature-based-solutions-inventory-zambia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report provides a detailed inventory of 13 nature-based solutions (NbS) projects across Zambia, focusing on their approaches, targeted ecosystems, and the climate and biodiversity risks they address. It highlights the high dependency of Zambia's economy on natural resources, with agriculture employing about 70% of the population, and the resulting vulnerability to temperature extremes, erratic rainfall, and floods. Key interventions across the documented projects include the restoration of wetlands and forests, the implementation of agroforestry and conservation farming, and the development of sustainable livelihoods such as beekeeping and non-timber forest product harvesting. The inventory notes that projects are heavily concentrated in ecologically vital landscapes, including national parks and major basins like the Barotse and Lake Tanganyika. Many initiatives emphasize gender-responsive approaches and participatory governance to ensure inclusive adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Zambia's economy is heavily reliant on natural resources, making it highly vulnerable to climate change. Agriculture employs approximately 70% of the population and accounts for about 3.4% of the GDP, while forests contribute between 4.7% and 6.3% of the GDP when including multiplier effects from tourism and forestry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inventory documents 13 NbS for adaptation projects distributed across eight provinces. The highest concentrations are in Central and Eastern Provinces (four projects each), followed by Northern, Southern, and Western Provinces (three projects each), Luapula and Muchinga Provinces (two projects each), and Lusaka Province (one project).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS projects in Zambia are primarily concentrated in critical biodiversity hotspots and economically vital landscapes, including the Bangweulu Wetland, the Lukanga Swamp, the Kafue Flats, the Barotse Basin, the Lake Tanganyika Basin, miombo woodlands, and several national parks such as Sioma Ngwezi, Mosi-oa-Tunya, Lower Zambezi, and the North and South Luangwa National Parks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Common NbS approaches employed in Zambia include the restoration of wetlands and floodplains for rainwater harvesting and flood control, forest regeneration for carbon sequestration, and the use of agroforestry to improve soil quality. Other interventions include rotational grazing models to stabilize rangelands and the rehabilitation of riparian buffer zones to control erosion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure economic sustainability, many NbS initiatives integrate nature-based livelihood strategies, such as beekeeping, the sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products (including honey, tamarind, baobab, and mushrooms), and the development of ecotourism enterprises.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Projects frequently incorporate gender-responsive and inclusive strategies, such as training gender, age, and ability-diverse 'GESI champions', establishing women-led community fruit tree nurseries, and ensuring women's participation in community resource boards and fishery management committees.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific large-scale targets have been set across various projects, including the restoration of over 18,000 ha of forest and wetland in one project, the preservation of more than 300,000 ha of forest through community management groups in another, and a goal to restore 150,000 ha of degraded forest and farmland in a third.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001839#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","biodiversity conservation","agroforestry","carbon sequestration","climate change adaptation","Sustainable land management","water management","rainwater harvesting","Community based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Central Province","Eastern Province","Northern Province","Southern Province","Western Province","Lusaka Province","Luapula Province","Muchinga Province","South Africa","Botswana"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003309","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003309","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Zimbabwe","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-06/nature-based-solutions-inventory-zimbabwe.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Zimbabwe documents 10 NbS for adaptation projects across five regions, focusing on ecological restoration, livelihood resilience, and inclusive governance. Key interventions include reforestation, wetland rehabilitation, and climate-smart agriculture to combat risks such as prolonged droughts, flooding, and habitat loss. The inventory highlights a strong concentration of projects in the Southern region and emphasizes the integration of traditional knowledge and gender-responsive approaches to ensure equitable benefits for vulnerable populations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory documents a total of 10 NbS for adaptation projects across Zimbabwe, with the highest concentration located in the Southern region, which includes Gwanda, Mwenezi, Chiredzi, and Masvingo districts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS projects in Zimbabwe are primarily focused on reforestation and wildlife corridor conservation, with significant activity in biodiversity hotspots such as Hwange National Park, Zambezi National Park, the Zambezi Valley, and the Victoria Falls region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Implementation strategies frequently integrate traditional knowledge with modern conservation and employ gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) approaches to ensure equitable benefit distribution and local ownership.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific measurable outcomes of these interventions include the restoration of 94 hectares of degraded land through agroforestry and farmer-managed natural regeneration by March 2025, as well as the validation of 111 traditional climate-resilient farming practices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"NbS interventions are used as cost-effective alternatives to conventional infrastructure to address specific climate risks, such as using mangrove and wetland restoration to mitigate flooding and reforestation to create carbon sinks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The projects target a wide array of ecosystems, including riparian zones, floodplains, dryland landscapes, and wetlands, to address biodiversity risks such as habitat loss, poaching, and the spread of invasive species like Ipomoea carnea.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003309#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","climate change adaptation","biodiversity conservation","reforestation","Climate-smart agriculture","agroforestry","water security","carbon sequestration","traditional knowledge"],"geography_discussed":["Hwange National Park","Zambezi National Park","Zambezi Valley","Victoria Falls","Hwange District","Binga","Hurungwe","Mbire District","Muzarabani District","Gwanda District","Mwenezi District","Chiredzi District","Masvingo Province","Bikita District","Chimanimani District","Buhera District","Chipinge District","Insiza","Chivi","Beitbridge District"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-001836","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001836","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Belize","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-03/nature-based-solutions-inventory-belize.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Belize catalogues 37 projects implemented from 2018 to 2025 across all districts. These initiatives, led primarily by NGOs and community-based organisations, focus on reforestation, mangrove and coral reef restoration, and climate-smart agriculture to mitigate risks from sea level rise, hurricanes, and droughts. The report highlights a shift from grey infrastructure to NbS, supported by national policies like the National Landscape Restoration Strategy and international funding from entities such as the Adaptation Fund and Global Affairs Canada.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"NbS projects are distributed across all districts of Belize, with the highest concentration in the Belize district (18 projects) and the lowest in Orange Walk (five projects).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The growth of NbS in Belize is driven by increased public financial support, leadership from civil society, and the integration of NbS into national policy, including the National Landscape Restoration Strategy and the third Nationally Determined Contribution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coastal and marine NbS focus on restoring natural barriers to protect against storm surges and erosion, including sand renourishment in Dangriga and Hopkins, and the expansion of marine protected areas from 13% to 22%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Terrestrial NbS initiatives emphasize forest protection and regenerative agriculture, such as the permanent protection of 96,000 hectares of the Selva Maya’s tropical forest and the implementation of agroforestry and cacao-based production systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific efforts are being made to address coral reef degradation through the restoration of thermally tolerant Acroporid species and the use of king crabs to control macroalgal overgrowth that smothers corals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inventory highlights the role of the CAPA Initiative, funded by Global Affairs Canada, in implementing several projects including the regeneration of the Maya Forest Corridor and the development of climate-smart agriculture in the Belize River Valley.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Community-based fire management has been established as a critical NbS for disaster risk reduction, including the creation of fire management hubs in the Toledo District and firebreaks in the Maya Forest Corridor.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Livelihood diversification is integrated into NbS to reduce pressure on natural resources, specifically through the promotion of sustainable seaweed mariculture for women and youth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001836#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","Mangrove restoration","coral reef restoration","reforestation","Climate-smart agriculture","agroforestry","climate finance","biodiversity conservation","disaster risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Belize District","Corozal District","Stann Creek District","Toledo District","Cayo District","Orange Walk District"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study"]},{"id":"iisd-003109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003109","title":"Energy Support Measures in Indonesia by Energy Source Data and References Annex","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-02/indonesia-energy-support-measures-annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories 130 support measures across six energy types in Indonesia: oil and gas, coal, electricity, renewable energy, biofuels, and electric vehicles (EVs). It details various mechanisms including direct financial transfers, tax exemptions, and price regulations. For the period FY 2021 to FY 2024, 27% of these measures were quantified using official government data, while 64% remained unquantified due to data limitations. The annex provides specific legislative references and nominal values in IDR and USD for each measure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory identified 130 support measures for the Indonesian energy sector between FY 2021 and FY 2024, though only 27% of these were quantified due to data availability issues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government provides significant direct financial compensation to state-owned Pertamina to cover losses from selling retail fuels (solar, premium, kerosene, and 3-kg LPG) below market prices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) for crude oil requires production-sharing contract signatories to supply up to 25% of output to domestic refineries at a discounted fee, currently 25% of the reference market price.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal producers benefit from a preferential export tax rate; while some companies pay 1.5%, those under Coal Contract of Works (CCoWs) were exempted as of 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government supports the electricity sector by compensating PT PLN for selling power below cost to vulnerable households (450 VA and 900 VA) and for not raising tariffs for non-subsidized customers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy developers can access various tax incentives, including a 30% reduction in income tax for six years starting from commercial production for high-priority projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government utilizes Green Sukuk Bonds to fund renewable energy infrastructure, including 121 facilities such as solar and micro-hydro plants for rural electrification in off-grid areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biodiesel producers receive price support to bridge the gap between the market price of diesel fuel and biodiesel, funded by an export levy on crude palm oil managed by the BPDPKS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To accelerate EV adoption, the government provides several incentives, including a 0% luxury goods sales tax for battery-powered EVs and a VAT borne by the government for certain four-wheeled BEVs and buses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government has implemented a 2-wheeler conversion program providing subsidies of IDR 7 million to IDR 10 million per unit to convert internal combustion motorcycles to electric, though it appears discontinued in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","coal","renewable energy","biofuel","electric vehicle","geothermal energy","solar energy","wind power","hydropower","energy subsidy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Jakarta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","fiscal analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"napglob-000023","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000023","title":"Inventory of Multilevel Governance Coordination Mechanisms in the NAP Process","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2025-10-31","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/resource/inventory-of-multilevel-governance-coordination-mechanisms-in-the-nap-process/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The inventory describes the emergence of diverse multilevel governance (MLG) coordination mechanisms for climate action—covering adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage—over the last thirty years. It aims to provide national teams, subnational decision-makers, and non-state actors with information on existing mechanisms to support the NAP process and to help international development practitioners avoid duplicating efforts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000023#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Multilevel governance coordination mechanisms for climate action, encompassing adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage, have developed globally over the past 30 years, though no single universal model exists.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000023#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national adaptation plan","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","loss and damage"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-003308","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003308","title":"Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Fiji","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-09/nature-based-solutions-inventory-fiji.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Fiji catalogues various projects across the country's ecosystems, highlighting a concentration of efforts in the northern and western divisions. The inventory reveals a primary focus on coastal protection through mangrove planting and hybrid seawalls, alongside riverbank stabilization using vetiver grass and reforestation of native forests. These initiatives aim to address climate risks such as sea level rise, tidal surges, and flooding, while simultaneously tackling biodiversity loss and improving food security for local communities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003308#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"NbS projects in Fiji are disproportionately concentrated in the northern and western divisions, which is attributed to the vulnerability of communities in those areas, government guidance to donors, and existing NGO-community relationships.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003308#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of NbS projects in Fiji focus on coastal protection, specifically through the planting of mangroves, driven by the National Adaptation Plan and government priorities to replace or supplement concrete seawalls with hybrid solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003308#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Riverbank stabilization is being implemented across the Central, Western, and Northern divisions using vetiver grass technology and locally sourced boulders to prevent silt runoff, reduce inland flooding, and protect freshwater ecosystems from eutrophication.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003308#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Hybrid coastal protection structures are being deployed, combining mangrove forests with boulder walls approximately 2 metres high to mitigate coastal inundation, tidal surges, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater tables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003308#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reforestation efforts are targeting native forests to increase resilience against extreme winds during cyclones and to create future carbon trading potential, such as the project reforesting approximately 43 hectares of land with native hardwood and fruit trees.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003308#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","ecosystem-based adaptation","Mangrove restoration","coastal management","reforestation","biodiversity conservation","sea level rise","carbon sequestration","agroforestry"],"geography_discussed":["Northern Division","Western Division","Central Division","Vanuatu","Tonga","Papua New Guinea","Solomon Islands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","case study"]},{"id":"napglob-000054","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/napglob-000054","title":"Inventory of Innovative Financial Instruments for Climate Change Adaptation","publisher":{"name":"NAP Global Network","organization":"nap-global-network"},"document_type":"guide","language":"en","date_published":"2024-03-11","source_url":"https://napglobalnetwork.org/resource/inventory-innovative-financial-instruments-climate-change-adaptation/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document provides an inventory of innovative financial instruments designed to increase climate resilience in developing countries by unlocking private finance. It categorizes these instruments into mature, emerging, and pilot types to inform governments, project developers, and financiers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000054#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory categorizes innovative financial instruments into three distinct types based on their maturity and application: mature instruments, which are long-standing tools adapted for climate adaptation; emerging instruments, which are newer and may or may not be adaptation-specific; and pilot instruments, which are currently under development for near-future application.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000054#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Innovative financial instruments are presented as a mechanism to unlock private finance to support the adaptation requirements of developing countries, specifically for implementing climate change adaptation measures and priorities within National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"napglob-000054#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","private investment","climate resilience"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-003508","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003508","title":"South Africa’s Energy Subsidies Inventory, 2023 Data, Definitions, and References","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-04/south-african-energy-subsidies-annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories major energy subsidies in South Africa, detailing fiscal support for oil, gas, electricity, coal, and nuclear energy. It highlights a significant increase in total quantified subsidies, reaching ZAR 118,317 million in FY 2022/2023, driven largely by carbon tax exemptions. The document describes specific mechanisms such as VAT exemptions for fuels, Free Basic Electricity for disadvantaged households, and various grants for state-owned enterprises like PetroSA and Eskom.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Total quantified energy subsidies in South Africa rose from ZAR 37,815 million in FY 2017/2018 to ZAR 118,317 million in FY 2022/2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Exemptions from the carbon tax represent the largest single quantified subsidy in recent years, increasing from ZAR 35,315 million in FY 2020/2021 to ZAR 47,420 million in FY 2022/2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The VAT exemption for gasoline, diesel, and illuminating paraffin is a significant oil and gas subsidy, with a value of ZAR 29,835 million in FY 2022/2023; it assumes that 90% of diesel and 20% of gasoline sales are for business purposes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity subsidies include Free Basic Electricity (FBE) for disadvantaged households, which cost ZAR 10,603 million in FY 2022/2023, and the Integrated National Electrification Programme (INEP), which cost ZAR 5,302 million in the same period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation received 'indirect transfers' (previously named subsidies) totaling ZAR 990 million in FY 2022/2023, though the document notes a lack of transparency regarding the use of these funds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several subsidies remain unquantified due to data gaps, including subsidies for renewable energy technologies, income tax deductions for exploration spending, and PetroSA's ring-fenced grant income for shale gas exploration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The state-owned utility Eskom has received repeated recapitalization and bailouts to service debt and fund operational improvements, which the authors categorize as government support rather than a subsidy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003508#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon tax","petroleum industry","coal","nuclear power","energy efficiency","carbon capture and storage","shale gas"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","inventory"]},{"id":"sei-002297","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002297","title":"Connecting the dots","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-06","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/fossil-fuel-production-2023-global-stocktake.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while more countries mention fossil fuel production in their climate plans over time, most references relate to continued or increased production rather than a managed phase-out. Only a small number of countries have set specific targets or policies to wind down production, and many lack detailed plans for economic diversification or just transitions for workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002297#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a trend of increasing mentions of fossil fuel production in national climate plans, but these references predominantly signal a continuation or expansion of production. In second-round NDCs, 67% of fossil-fuel-producing countries mention production, and nearly 75% mention it in their LT-LEDS, yet many of the world's largest producers—including Canada, China, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the US—signal continued or increased production.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002297#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Very few countries use NDCs and LT-LEDS to communicate specific targets or policies for phasing down fossil fuel production. Only two countries (India and Nigeria) mentioned such targets in first-round NDCs, and five (Costa Rica, North Macedonia, Pakistan, and the EU) did so in second-round NDCs. In LT-LEDS, 12 countries and the EU mention restricting or phasing down production, with France committing to a phase-out by 2040 and Denmark by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002297#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Countries often justify the continuation of fossil fuel extraction through arguments regarding national energy security, economic reliance, or the role of natural gas as a transition fuel. Some countries, such as Argentina, Australia, Qatar, and Tanzania, explicitly frame the increase of natural gas production as a contribution to global climate mitigation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002297#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transition planning, including economic diversification and just transition measures, is more common in LT-LEDS than in NDCs, suggesting a longer-term perspective. Nearly half of fossil-fuel-producing countries mention transition planning in LT-LEDS, though many statements remain broad and aspirational. For example, the US LT-LEDS targets just transition measures for coal mining communities, and Australia plans to build hydrogen and renewable industries to offset falling coal and gas demand.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002297#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A growing number of countries are reporting on the social equity and international support dimensions of a fossil fuel wind-down. 25% of second-round NDCs include information on economic dependence on fossil fuels (e.g., Ecuador, Norway, Senegal, South Sudan, and Suriname). Additionally, countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kenya have linked their emissions targets or development objectives to the receipt of international finance, technology transfer, and capacity-building for a fair transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002297#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","Nationally Determined Contributions","Global stocktake","just transition","economic diversity","climate finance","energy transition","Paris Agreement","United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","India","Nigeria","France","Denmark","Australia","Canada","United States","People's Republic of China","Saudi Arabia","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Kenya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-000392","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000392","title":"Indonesia’s Energy Support Measures: An inventory of incentives impacting the energy transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06-21","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/indonesia-energy-subsidies","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Indonesian government support for fossil fuels significantly outweighs support for renewable energy, with 94% of annual allocations averaging coal, oil, gas, and fossil fuel-based electricity, compared to just 1% for renewables. Between 2016 and 2020, total energy support measures rose by 38% to IDR 279 trillion, while specific support for renewable energy decreased from IDR 3 trillion to IDR 2 trillion. The analysis indicates that 77% of identified measures benefit energy producers, and that fossil fuel subsidies create a lock-in effect that hinders the competitiveness of renewable energy and drains public finances.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000392#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Government financial support for fossil fuels is vastly higher than for renewable energy, with an annual average of 94% allocated to coal, oil, gas, and fossil fuel-based electricity, while renewable energy received only 1%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000392#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Total energy support measures increased by 38% from IDR 203 trillion in 2016 to IDR 279 trillion in 2020, with the fossil fuel sector being the primary beneficiary.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000392#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While fossil fuel incentives grew by 30% to at least IDR 246 trillion between 2016 and 2020, support for renewable energy declined from IDR 3 trillion in 2016 to IDR 2 trillion in 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000392#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of energy support measures benefit producers rather than consumers; 77% (60 out of 78 measures) benefit producers, while only 20% support consumers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000392#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel support impedes the energy transition by locking in fossil fuel production and lowering prices, which makes it more difficult for renewable energy to compete.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000392#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","Net-zero emissions","coal","petroleum industry","biofuel","electric vehicle","fiscal policy","energy transition","Just Energy Transition Partnership"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","fiscal analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003107","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003107","title":"Indonesia’s Energy Support Measures","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-06/indonesia-energy-support-measures.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies 78 support measures for Indonesia's energy sector between FY 2016 and FY 2020, finding that 94.1% of the estimated value (IDR 1,153 trillion) supported fossil fuels, while renewable energy received less than 1%. The analysis highlights a significant imbalance in funding, with the majority of support benefiting producers over consumers and heavily favoring oil, gas, coal, and fossil-fuel-based electricity, thereby potentially hindering Indonesia's net-zero 2060 goal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between FY 2016 and FY 2020, the Government of Indonesia provided at least IDR 1,225 trillion (~USD 83.7 billion) in estimated support to the energy sector, with 94.1% (IDR 1,153 trillion) directed toward fossil fuels, including oil and gas, coal, and electricity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for renewable energy is minimal, accounting for less than 1% (0.94%) of the total estimated support value, which undermines the national target of achieving a 23% renewable energy mix by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of identified support measures (77% or 60 out of 78) were designed to benefit energy producers, while only 20% were intended for consumers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for the coal sector increased significantly in real terms from IDR 19.5 trillion (USD 1.5 billion) in FY 2016 to IDR 61.04 trillion (USD 4.2 billion) in FY 2020, primarily through tax exemptions and relaxations benefiting producers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The state-owned electricity provider, PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), received substantial support through direct government transfers to compensate for below-market retail tariffs, accounting for 82% of quantified electricity sector spending in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biofuels support, primarily for the B30 Program, rose from IDR 10.8 trillion in 2016 to IDR 30.8 trillion in 2020, with 97% of this funding derived from a levy on crude palm oil exports via the Crude Palm Oil Supporting Fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for the emerging electric vehicle (EV) and battery industries is very low, totaling IDR 19 billion (USD 1.3 million) of estimated support, consisting mostly of tax breaks and special taxes for consumers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data limitations significantly hinder the full quantification of support; only 37% (29 out of 78) of identified measures could be quantified, meaning the actual level of support is likely underestimated.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003107#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","coal","petroleum industry","biofuel","electric vehicle","energy transition","Net-zero emissions","feed-in tariff","carbon tax","biodiesel"],"geography_discussed":["Bali","East Kalimantan","West Java","Karawang","Cikarang"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","quantitative assessment","policy analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003108","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003108","title":"Energy Support Measures in Indonesia by Energy Source","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-06/indonesia-energy-support-measures-annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories 78 support measures for Indonesia's energy sector between FY 2016 and FY 2020, covering oil and gas, coal, electricity, renewable energy, biofuels, and electric vehicles (EVs). It details various mechanisms including direct fund transfers, tax exemptions, and price supports, noting that only 37% of these measures were quantified due to data limitations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory identified 78 support measures for the Indonesian energy sector between FY 2016 and FY 2020, though only 37% of these were quantified due to data limitations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government provides direct financial compensation to state-owned Pertamina to offset losses from selling motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene below market prices; this support reached USD 4,721 million in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Oil and gas producers are required to supply up to 25% of their output to domestic refineries at a discounted price through the Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) system, which has been in place since 1979.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal producers benefit from a preferential export tax rate of 1.5%, compared to a 7.5% rate for other mineral commodities, with the value of this support estimated at USD 1,137 million in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government provides compensation to PT PLN for electricity tariffs set below the cost of generation and distribution, with support amounting to USD 4,534 million in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy developers can access various tax incentives, including a 30% reduction in income tax for six years for projects in high-priority business areas such as hydropower, solar, wind, and geothermal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biodiesel producers receive price support to bridge the gap between the market price of diesel fuel and biodiesel, funded by the Crude Palm Oil Supporting Fund (CSF) via export levies; this support reached USD 1,927 million in FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To accelerate the adoption of battery-powered electric vehicles, the government provides a zero luxury tax and has proposed a concessional GST, while the Bank of Indonesia allows for 0% down payments on EV purchases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government supports the geothermal sector through the Infrastructure Fund for Geothermal Sector (PISP), which provided USD 4.1 million in FY 2020, primarily for PT Geo Dipa Energi.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003108#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","coal","renewable energy","biofuel","electric vehicle","battery","geothermal energy","photovoltaics","wind power","biodiesel","climate finance","feed-in tariff"],"geography_discussed":["Java","East Kalimantan","Jakarta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","financial assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000419","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000419","title":"Supporting Marine Fishing Sustainably: A review of central and state government support for marine fisheries in India","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-12-20","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/supporting-marine-fisheries-india","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents a 43% increase in Indian government support for marine fisheries between FY 2016 and FY 2019, totaling at least INR 2,225 crore. It identifies fuel support, income support, and support for deep-sea fishing, mariculture, and vessel modernization as priority areas for impact assessment to prevent overexploitation and ensure sustainable development.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000419#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Government support for marine fisheries in India grew by 43% between fiscal year 2016 and 2019, rising from INR 1,550 crore (USD 231 million) to at least INR 2,225 crore (USD 316 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000419#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"When limiting the scope to subsidies for wild marine capture fishing and fishing-related activities at sea—measures likely to be covered by potential World Trade Organization rules—the total support amount drops to INR 829 crore (USD 117 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000419#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies three priority categories for in-depth socio-economic and environmental impact assessments: fuel support, income support, and support for vessel modernization, mariculture, and deep-sea fishing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000419#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a documented need to enhance reporting practices and data transparency regarding marine fisheries support to facilitate more effective policy-making.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000419#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Andhra Pradesh","Karnataka","Kerala","Tamil Nadu","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","inventory"]},{"id":"iisd-002424","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002424","title":"Supporting Marine Fishing Sustainably: A review of central and provincial government support for marine fisheries in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-07-26","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/sustainable-marine-fisheries-indonesia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories fisheries support in Indonesia, noting that central government support ranges from USD 140 to 210 million annually, with 50% allocated to fuel subsidies. It warns that these subsidies may benefit boat owners over low-income fishers and encourage overfishing, while provincial support for vessel modernization often targets already unsustainable pelagic fisheries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002424#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Central government support for marine fisheries ranges between USD 140 and USD 210 million annually, though it is uncertain if these measures achieve socio-economic goals without harming environmental viability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002424#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fuel subsidies account for 50% of central government fisheries support; early evidence indicates these may encourage overfishing and provide more benefit to boat owners than to low-income fishers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002424#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support at the provincial level primarily targets equipment, vessel acquisition, and modernization, specifically within pelagic fisheries, some of which are already fished at unsustainable levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002424#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable development"],"geography_discussed":["Aceh","Maluku","North Sulawesi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","inventory"]}]}