{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["integrated cost-benefit analysis"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'integrated cost-benefit analysis' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=integrated+cost-benefit+analysis","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-003442","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003442","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) Assessment of Bus Fleet Electrification in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-05/savi-bus-fleet-electrification-mongolia-methodological-note.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the SAVi methodology applied to Ulaanbaatar's bus fleet, utilizing causal loop diagrams and integrated cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) buses to electric vehicles (EVs). It details the indicators used—ranging from GHG emissions and air pollution to retail revenues and employment—and provides the specific data assumptions, such as a 10-year implementation period and a 40% reduction in maintenance costs for electric buses compared to ICE buses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The SAVi assessment identifies that electrifying the bus fleet in Ulaanbaatar is expected to result in lower air and noise pollution, reduced CO2 emissions, and significant savings in maintenance and fuel costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis uses a causal loop diagram (CLD) to show that electric bus systems can improve economic outcomes by increasing retail revenues around bus stations and increasing overall bus revenues, while also enhancing social outcomes through employment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A specific balancing loop in the system dynamics model shows that the potential for CO2 emissions from power generation to limit EV demand is weakened in Ulaanbaatar because the city's electric grid is primarily coal-based.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The assessment is based on a current fleet of 1,303 buses, consisting of 1,213 ICE buses and 90 electric buses, with a proposed 10-year implementation timeline for full electrification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data assumptions for the model include a 40% reduction in maintenance costs for electric buses compared to ICE buses and an average annual cost reduction of 7% due to technological improvements in EVs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric vehicle","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","sustainable transport","green infrastructure","carbon dioxide emissions","electrical grid"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological note","integrated cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","scenario analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002035","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002035","title":"Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of Stormwater Infrastructure Solutions in Johannesburg, South Africa","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/savi-stormwater-johnannesburg-south-africa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The assessment finds that nature-based infrastructure (stream renaturalization) is the most cost-efficient and climate-resilient option, providing the highest net benefits primarily through avoided flood damages and additional water supply. While grey infrastructure (concrete culverts) has the highest upfront costs and provides no environmental co-benefits, nature-based solutions maintain superior performance across various climate scenarios, although they are more labour-intensive to maintain.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based infrastructure (stream renaturalization) is the most cost-efficient investment over the infrastructure life cycle, requiring the lowest upfront capital costs compared to grey and hybrid options, although it incurs higher annual operation and maintenance costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Avoided flood damages represent the largest monetary benefit for nature-based solutions. Full stream renaturalization avoids approximately ZAR 103 million in flood damage costs over 20 years and over ZAR 184 million over 40 years, while the hybrid solution avoids ZAR 87 million and ZAR 168 million over the same periods, respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nature-based solutions provide significant additional water supply through increased soil permeability and groundwater recharge. Over 40 years, the renaturalized stream generates an estimated economic benefit of ZAR 55.52 million from additional water supply, which alone outweighs the total project costs by approximately ZAR 3.4 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under various climate change scenarios, nature-based infrastructure (NBI) demonstrates greater resilience than grey solutions. The benefits of NBI increase as precipitation patterns become more volatile, whereas the capacity of grey stormwater solutions is limited by design, making them less equipped for extreme weather events.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The RCP 6.0 climate scenario results in the poorest performance for all infrastructure options due to a higher frequency of extreme rainfall events. In this scenario, the hybrid and fully renaturalized solutions provide the same amount of avoided flood damage costs (ZAR 43.2 million) over a 20-year horizon, indicating that severe events can cause damages regardless of the NBI type implemented.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Grey stormwater infrastructure (concrete culverts) yields negative net results over both 20- and 40-year horizons (approximately ZAR -85 million) because it requires high capital expenditure without delivering environmental, social, or economic co-benefits, except for minimal income generation from maintenance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nature-based solutions generate additional socio-economic co-benefits, including increased property values in the Orange Grove, Norwood, and Orchard districts, higher property tax revenues for the city, and income creation through labour-intensive maintenance work.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002035#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","climate resilience","Flood mitigation","groundwater recharge","carbon sequestration","urban heat island"],"geography_discussed":["Orange Grove","Norwood","Orchard","Gauteng","South Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["integrated cost-benefit analysis","climate change scenario analysis","system dynamics simulation"]},{"id":"iisd-002013","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002013","title":"Sustainable Asset Valuation of the Kalivaç and Poçem Hydropower Projects","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-08/savi-hydropower-albania.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The SAVi assessment finds that the Kalivaç and Poçem hydropower projects (HPPs) are uneconomic, producing higher costs and societal burdens than benefits. When integrating externalities, the HPPs' levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is more than 2.5 times higher than that of solar PV. The report highlights significant negative externalities, particularly the loss of agricultural land and tourism potential along the Vjosa River, and notes that the projects are not financially attractive at domestic electricity prices of EUR 55/MWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) indicates that both the Poçem and Kalivaç hydropower plants (HPPs) are uneconomic, with total costs exceeding benefits. The final SAVi net results, which include externalities, are negative EUR 233 million for HPP Poçem and negative EUR 321 million for HPP Kalivaç.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Solar PV is identified as the most beneficial and viable energy alternative in Albania. Its integrated LCOE is significantly lower than that of the HPPs, and its CBA result (negative EUR 75.6 million) is approximately 7.3 times less negative than the combined results of the two HPPs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most significant negative externalities are caused by the inundation of agricultural land for the reservoirs, resulting in a foregone value added of EUR 174 million. Additionally, foregone tax revenues from agriculture are estimated at more than EUR 26 million over the assets' lifetimes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The construction and operation of the HPPs are expected to cause a loss of tourism potential along the Vjosa River, valued at more than EUR 10 million over the lifetime of both plants, rising to over EUR 22.5 million if a lower discount rate (6.75%) is applied.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sediment dredging is a critical and expensive operational requirement to maintain capacity. For HPP Kalivaç, which is the first reservoir in the river course, dredging costs during the concession period are estimated at more than EUR 140.3 million, accounting for over 40% of its conventional LCOE.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"At a domestic electricity offtake price of EUR 55 per MWh, the HPPs are not financially attractive, with a project IRR of 9.32%, which is below the required hurdle rate of 13.5%. To achieve a project NPV of zero in the baseline scenario, the price would need to be EUR 78.47 per MWh, or EUR 108.39 per MWh if dredging costs are included.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change projections indicate a decline in precipitation (averaging 20 mm less per month by 2100), which reduces electricity generation potential and revenues. While this also lowers some costs (like dredging), the overall impact on the financial performance of the HPPs is adverse.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The HPPs pose severe threats to the biodiversity of the Vjosa River, including the disruption of migratory fish species like the critically endangered European eel and the potential for coastal erosion at the Adriatic Sea due to disrupted sediment transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002013#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["hydropower","photovoltaics","climate change","precipitation","greenhouse gas emissions","biodiversity loss","ecosystem service","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Adriatic Sea","Greece"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["integrated cost-benefit analysis","financial analysis","system dynamics simulation","environmental impact assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002005","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002005","title":"Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of the Contournement de Rabat, Morocco: A focus on road infrastructure","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/savi-contournement-morocco-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the 41.1 km Rabat bypass road project using the SAVi tool, simulating six risk scenarios and four externalities. It finds that the project is not financially viable based on its own revenues across all scenarios, with negative net present value and insufficient internal rate of return. However, the inclusion of externalities—specifically the value of time saved and the cost of accidents—significantly improves key financial indicators, demonstrating that traditional financial analyses underestimate the project's broader socio-economic value and the risks associated with reduced maintenance or climate change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Rabat bypass project is not financially viable when relying solely on its own revenues under any of the six risk scenarios modelled, exhibiting negative net present value (NPV), an insufficient internal rate of return (IRR), and credit ratios below lender requirements.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Externalities have a material financial impact on the project, with their value reaching between 13 per cent and 19 per cent of capital and operating and management (O&M) costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The value of time saved and the cost of accidents are the most significant externalities. For example, the cumulative cost of accidents is highest in the 'Reduced Maintenance Expenditure' scenario (EUR 236 million) and the 'Increase in Heavy Vehicle Traffic' scenario (EUR 226.8 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Reducing maintenance expenditure leads to higher overall costs when externalities are considered; the economic and social costs of increased accidents are significantly higher than the savings from lower maintenance spending.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change causes cumulative negative effects on the project's financial indicators, as demonstrated in Scenario 6, where 2 km of road is damaged every 10 years, leading to additional operational CAPEX of EUR 7.3 million and decreased value of time saved.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Conventional economic assessments underestimate risks; while the baseline scenario appears balanced in a conventional CBA, it barely breaks even when the full cost of accidents is included, and other risk scenarios show negative results relative to the baseline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002005#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change","project finance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["integrated cost-benefit analysis","financial viability analysis","scenario simulation"]}]}