{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'infrastructure tracking' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=infrastructure+tracking","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"gem-000039","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000039","title":"Відстеження глобального портфеля вугільних електростанцій","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"uk","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-05/Boom%20and%20Bust%202026_Ukrainian%20layout.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2025, global coal capacity increased by 3.5% while generation fell by 0.6%, driven largely by record additions in China and India. These countries are building coal plants for system reliability and energy security, even as renewables displace coal's role in meeting demand. The report notes a geographic narrowing of coal expansion, with only 32 countries proposing or building new plants, and highlights the specific challenges facing Ukraine's energy recovery following Russian attacks on its infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a growing gap between the installation of coal capacity and its actual use; in 2025, global coal capacity rose by 3.5% while generation decreased by 0.6%. Coal is increasingly viewed as \"system insurance\" for critical moments rather than a primary source of daily generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of coal expansion. China added a record 161.7 GW of new and unfrozen projects in 2025 and has over 500 GW in development. India added 27.9 GW of new or revived plants in 2025 and aims to add 100 GW over the next seven years, despite non-fossil capacity exceeding half of its total installed capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global coal portfolio is narrowing geographically. Only 32 countries proposed or built new coal plants in 2025, down from 38 in 2024 and 75 in 2014. Latin America reached a status of having no new coal plant proposals, and South Korea committed to phasing out coal power by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Many planned coal plant retirements in 2025 were not executed, with 69% of planned closures in the EU and 59% in the US delayed. In the EU, delays were linked to the 2022–2023 energy crisis, while in the US, they were caused by government intervention to keep aging plants operational.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Ukraine, Russian attacks have severely damaged energy infrastructure, leaving an estimated 15.7 GW of coal capacity mothballed or damaged. There is a debate regarding the recovery of these plants; critics argue that restoring old coal blocks would contradict EU environmental norms and increase vulnerability to military attacks, suggesting a shift toward decentralized, flexible energy solutions instead.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000039#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy security","renewable energy","energy transition","carbon dioxide emissions","distributed generation"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","Ukraine","Indonesia","South Korea","Japan","Australia","Turkey","Canada","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Southeast Asia","Russia","Central Asia","Latin America","Africa","Western Balkans","Zimbabwe","Zambia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["global assessment","policy analysis","infrastructure tracking"]},{"id":"gem-000177","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000177","title":"Boom and Bust Coal 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2025_23.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal power capacity in twenty years (44 GW), yet the global fleet still grew by 18.8 GW because additions exceeded retirements (25.2 GW). While the UK became the sixth country to phase out coal entirely and EU27 retirements grew fourfold, China and India dominated new developments, accounting for 92% of all newly proposed coal capacity. China saw its highest construction starts since 2015 (94 GW), and India recorded its highest year for new proposals (38.4 GW). In the OECD, proposals dropped to five, but annual retirements must more than triple to 70 GW to align with 1.5C pathways. Other trends include a surge in captive coal plants in Indonesia, the promotion of ammonia co-firing in Japan and South Korea, and continued coal pursuit in Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global newly operating coal power capacity in 2024 reached its lowest level since 2004, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the low commissioning rate, the global coal fleet grew by 18.8 GW in 2024 because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW retired.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are the primary drivers of new coal development, together accounting for 92% (107.3 GW) of all newly proposed coal power capacity in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China experienced its highest volume of construction starts since 2015, with 94 GW starting in 2024 following a permitting boom in 2022 and 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India saw a record high of 38.4 GW in new coal plant proposals in 2024, with state-owned entities sponsoring approximately 60% (22.1 GW) of these proposals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom officially became coal-free in 2024 after shutting down its last coal plant on September 30, 2024, making it the sixth country to phase out coal entirely since the 2015 Paris agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal retirements in the EU27 increased fourfold from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany accounting for 6.7 GW of that total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To meet the international Paris climate agreement and keep warming below 1.5C, annual coal capacity retirements in OECD countries must increase from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal capacity under development has dropped 90% since 2015, but operating capacity has increased due to a surge in captive coal plants for industrial use, particularly in the nickel processing sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan and South Korea are promoting ammonia co-firing as a decarbonization strategy, despite the technology being expensive and failing to meet the 90% emission reduction threshold suggested by the IPCC for 'abated' coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) are bucking global trends by continuing to pursue new coal plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000177#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal power","phase-out","carbon capture and storage","Cofiring","renewable energy","Paris Agreement","just transition","climate finance","greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United Kingdom","European Union","United States","Indonesia","Japan","South Korea","Brazil","Russia","Mongolia","Kazakhstan","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Vietnam","Philippines","Colombia","Chile","Pakistan","Bangladesh","Turkey","Australia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking","policy analysis","trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000178","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000178","title":"Boom and Bust Coal 2025","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/press-releases/Boom-Bust-Coal-2025_58.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"In 2024, the world commissioned the lowest amount of new coal power capacity in twenty years (44 GW), yet the global fleet still grew by 18.8 GW because additions exceeded retirements. While OECD countries and the EU are accelerating phaseouts—with the UK becoming the sixth country to eliminate coal entirely—China and India continue to drive global expansion. China saw its highest construction starts since 2015 (94 GW), and India recorded its highest year for new proposals (38.4 GW). Outside these two nations, coal development has declined for ten consecutive years. However, the report notes that current retirement rates in OECD countries must more than triple to meet 1.5°C warming targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global newly operating coal power capacity in 2024 reached its lowest level since 2004, totaling 44 GW, which is nearly 30 GW below the 2004-2024 annual average of 72 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the drop in new commissions, the global coal fleet increased by 18.8 GW in 2024 because the 44 GW of new capacity exceeded the 25.2 GW retired.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China experienced a surge in coal infrastructure, with 94 GW of construction starts in 2024—the highest since 2015—following a permitting boom in 2022 and 2023 where over 200 GW was approved.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India saw a record year for new coal plant proposals in 2024, totaling 38.4 GW, with the government aiming to add 93 GW of new capacity by 2032.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China and India are increasingly isolated in their pursuit of coal, together accounting for 92% (107.3 GW) of all newly proposed global coal power capacity in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United Kingdom officially became coal-free in September 2024 after shutting down its last plant, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, making it the sixth country to phase out coal entirely since the 2015 Paris agreement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal retirements in the EU27 grew fourfold from 2.7 GW in 2023 to 11 GW in 2024, with Germany leading the region by retiring 6.7 GW.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To align with the IEA Net Zero scenario and keep warming below 1.5°C, OECD countries must increase annual retirements from 19 GW in 2024 to 70 GW through 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Japan and South Korea are promoting ammonia co-firing as a decarbonization strategy, though the report argues this technology is expensive and fails to meet the 90% emission reduction threshold required to be considered 'abated'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia are seeing increases in proposed coal capacity, much of which is sponsored by Chinese companies despite China's 2021 pledge to stop building new coal plants abroad.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's coal capacity under development has dropped 90% since 2015, but operating capacity continues to grow due to a surge in 'captive' coal plants for industrial use, particularly in the nickel processing sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000178#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","phase-out","Cofiring","carbon capture and storage","climate finance","Net-zero emissions","just transition","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United Kingdom","European Union","United States","Indonesia","Japan","South Korea","Zimbabwe","Zambia","Brazil","Russia","Vietnam","Philippines","OECD"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking","policy assessment","trend analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000176","title":"BOOM AND BUST COAL 2024","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-04","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/Boom-Bust-Coal-2024_24.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The global operating coal fleet grew by 48.4 GW (2%) in 2023 to 2,130 GW, primarily driven by China. While many countries have reduced their coal pipelines or committed to 'No New Coal,' China saw an eight-year high in new construction starts. Outside China, new construction hit a record annual low. However, global operating capacity has grown 11% since 2015, and only 15% of current capacity has a retirement commitment aligned with the 1.5°C goal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global operating coal power capacity reached an all-time high in 2023, increasing by 48.4 GW (2%) to a total of 2,130 GW. China was the primary driver, accounting for 68% of global additions with 47.4 GW of new plants coming online.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a stark divergence in construction trends: new construction starts outside China hit a record annual low since 2015, while China's new construction starts hit an eight-year high, totaling 70.2 GW in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global pre-construction coal capacity (announced, pre-permit, and permitted) increased by 6% in 2023 to 578.2 GW. This capacity is highly concentrated, with China and ten other countries—including India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia—accounting for 95% of the total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India is expanding its coal fleet, introducing 11.4 GW of entirely new coal proposals in 2023—the highest since 2016—and commissioning 5.5 GW of new capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the EU and UK, coal generation collapsed by 26% in 2023, and the region's coal development has dwindled to a single project (0.1 GW) in Poland.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States retired 9.7 GW of coal capacity in 2023. Approximately half of its current operating capacity (101.2 GW) is expected to be decommissioned or converted by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's energy transition is complicated by the rapid growth of 'captive' coal plants used for industrial activities, particularly nickel smelters, with 3.3 GW of captive capacity coming online in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Central Asia is trending against the global shift, with proposed coal capacity now equivalent to 45% of the region's current operating capacity, led by Kazakhstan's 4.6 GW of new proposals in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private financial institutions showed a slowdown in adopting coal policies in 2023, with 23 institutions updating or adopting policies compared to 57 in 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000176#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal-fired power station","energy transition","Paris Agreement","climate finance","carbon capture and storage","carbon neutrality","renewable energy","just transition","decarbonization"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","United States","European Union","United Kingdom","Indonesia","Vietnam","South Africa","Kazakhstan","Japan","Australia","Turkey","Central Asia","Latin America","sub-Saharan Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking","policy assessment","financial analysis"]},{"id":"gem-000198","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/gem-000198","title":"Gas Bubble 2020","publisher":{"name":"Global Energy Monitor","organization":"global-energy-monitor"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-07","source_url":"https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/migration/reports/GasBubble_2020_r3_11.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that global LNG terminal capacity under construction more than doubled between 2019 and 2020, increasing capital expenditure from $82.8 billion to $196.1 billion. This expansion is primarily driven by North American efforts to create new markets, but faces significant headwinds from the COVID-19 pandemic, falling gas prices, and intensifying opposition. The authors argue that the 'bridge fuel' narrative is undermined by high methane leakage rates, with some estimates suggesting LNG-powered electricity can have a global warming impact up to 16% higher than coal. Furthermore, the report highlights a high failure rate for proposed export projects (61% since 2014) and the risk of stranded assets as renewables become more cost-competitive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global LNG terminal capacity under construction more than doubled in the year preceding the report, with total capital expenditure rising from $82.8 billion to $196.1 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The expansion of LNG is heavily led by North America; terminals in development would place the region in a position of global leadership. Specifically, the U.S. and Canada have 60.2 MTPA under construction, and the region as a whole has 368.5 MTPA in pre-construction development, representing 68% of the global total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The portrayal of fossil gas as a 'bridge fuel' is challenged by methane leakage. In the U.S., the overall leakage is estimated at 2.3%, and in the Permian basin, it is 3.7%. Consequently, the global warming impact of a new LNG-supplied gas plant compared to a new coal plant can range from 29% lower to 16% higher.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Proposed LNG export terminal projects have a high failure rate, with 61% of projects proposed between 2014 and 2020 being cancelled or abandoned. This is attributed to a combination of low gas prices, pandemic disruptions, and organized opposition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Floating storage and regasification units (FSRUs) are marketed to developing countries for their speed and lower upfront costs, but they have a 65% failure rate since 2016 and higher operating costs than onshore terminals after 6 to 12 years. They are also susceptible to extreme weather, as seen in Bangladesh and Malta.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial institutions are facing increasing risks of stranded assets. While some banks like BNP Paribas and UniCredit have introduced restrictions on fracked gas, the European Investment Bank announced it would end nearly all funding for fossil fuel projects after 2021, with some exceptions for EU Projects of Common Interest.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"gem-000198#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["liquefied natural gas","methane emissions","greenhouse gas emissions","stranded asset","climate finance","renewable energy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","People's Republic of China","Japan","Europe","Ireland","Sweden","Croatia","Bangladesh","Malta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["infrastructure tracking","economic risk assessment","environmental impact analysis"]}]}