{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["geographic case studies"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'geographic case studies' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":1,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=geographic+case+studies","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"clibonds-000928","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clibonds-000928","title":"Bonds and Climate Change","publisher":{"name":"Climate Bonds Initiative","organization":"climate-bonds-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-09","source_url":"https://www.climatebonds.net/files/documents/publications/Bonds-and-Climate-Change-State-of-the-Market-2017.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a $895 billion climate-aligned bond universe, consisting of $221 billion in labelled green bonds and $674 billion in unlabelled bonds from pure-play issuers. Transport and energy are the dominant themes, with rail infrastructure being a primary driver. The document highlights the growing role of sovereign and sub-sovereign issuers, particularly in China and the US, and advocates for the green bond market to reach $1 trillion in annual issuance by 2020 to meet Paris Agreement targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The total climate-aligned bond universe reached $895 billion in 2017, representing an increase of $201 billion over the previous year. This universe comprises 3,493 bonds from 1,128 issuers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Labelled green bonds account for $221 billion of the climate-aligned universe, while unlabelled bonds issued by pure-play entities enabling a low-carbon economy make up $674 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transport is the largest climate theme, accounting for 61% of the universe ($544 billion), primarily driven by rail infrastructure. China Railway Corp is the single largest issuer with $222 billion outstanding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy is the second-largest theme at $173.4 billion, with wind, solar, and mixed renewables representing 63% and hydro representing 27%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sovereign and sub-sovereign agencies are critical to the market, representing 68% of the total amount outstanding. In China, 90% of climate-aligned bonds were issued by entities backed by the sovereign or sub-sovereign government.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The labelled green bond market grew significantly, with $81.4 billion issued in 2016, and 2017 projections suggest the market may exceed $100 billion in annual issuance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between the current market size and the investment required for climate goals; the report notes a target for green bond issuance to reach $1 trillion annually by 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regional analysis shows Asia-Pacific is the largest region in the climate-aligned universe, with China accounting for 82% of the regional total.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In North America, the U.S. accounts for 81% of the $184 billion climate-aligned universe, with a strong presence of municipal green bonds exceeding $18 billion since 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a lack of uniformity in post-issuance reporting, which complicates the comparison of climate impacts across different bonds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clibonds-000928#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate bond","climate finance","low-carbon economy","renewable energy","wind energy","solar energy","hydroelectricity","nuclear power","energy efficiency","green building","water distribution system","waste-to-energy","sustainable agriculture","Paris Agreement","Nationally Determined Contributions","Climate risk assessment"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","United States","France","United Kingdom","Canada","India","Brazil","Mexico","South Africa","Nigeria","Kenya","New York City","Gothenburg","Amsterdam","Hong Kong","Wuhan","Tokyo","Mumbai","Lagos","Cape Town","Medellín","European Union","Malaysia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["market analysis","financial assessment","geographic case studies"]}]}