{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["frontier analysis"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'frontier analysis' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":1,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=frontier+analysis","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002822","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002822","title":"Determining Demand for Energy Services","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2003-01-24","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/energy_determing_demand.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research develops a two-step econometric model to determine the demand for energy services (space heating, water heating, and appliances/lighting) for 440 Canadian households. By using deterministic frontier analysis to estimate the efficiency of furnaces and water heaters, the authors find that low-income households are significantly more responsive to price and income changes than higher-income households. The study confirms a 'rebound effect' where increased efficiency leads to higher energy service demand. These findings are used to argue for targeted subsidies, such as funding for efficient furnaces, to help low-income groups cope with energy price increases driven by climate change policies. The authors also discuss the potential application of this methodology to the Indian energy sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Low-income households exhibit a higher responsiveness to both price and income changes compared to higher-income households across all energy services.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Space heating load shows the most significant distributional difference in price elasticity, with a factor of two difference between low- and high-income groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study confirms the existence of a rebound effect, where improvements in the efficiency of furnaces and water heaters lead to an increase in the demand for the energy services they provide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-income households allocate a disproportionately larger share of their budget to energy expenses; in 2000, the ratio of total energy expenditures to total expenditures for the low-income group (< $30,180) was 8%, compared to 2% for the high-income group (> $61,849).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The demand for water heating is the least sensitive to changes in household income, with an income elasticity two orders of magnitude smaller than that of space heating and appliances/lighting.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Deterministic frontier analysis revealed that electricity-fired water heaters generally possess higher energy efficiency than gas-fired water heaters.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors suggest that targeted subsidies for more efficient gas furnaces are more progressive and effective for lower-income groups than lump-sum payments or universal price subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002822#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy efficiency","climate policy","energy subsidy","energy poverty"],"geography_discussed":["India","Newfoundland and Labrador","New Brunswick","Ontario","Manitoba","Saskatchewan","Alberta","British Columbia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["econometric modelling","frontier analysis","cross-sectional analysis"]}]}