{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["fiscal assessment"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":35,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=fiscal+assessment&page=2","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"clipolin-001188","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-001188","title":"Leveraging fiscal stimulus to improve energy transition: Case of South Korea and Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-05","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Leveraging-fiscal-stimulus-to-improve-energy-transition_Case-of-South-Korea-and-Indonesia-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the impact of COVID-19 on the energy sectors of South Korea and Indonesia and evaluates their fiscal recovery programs. South Korea's Green New Deal (GND) explicitly integrates climate goals with economic recovery, focusing on green infrastructure and low-carbon energy. In contrast, Indonesia's National Economic Recovery (PEN) program primarily targets short-term health and social stability, with only 0.9% of its budget allocated to energy transition. The study identifies structural barriers in both nations—such as South Korea's centralized market and Indonesia's high financing costs—and recommends that future stimulus include specific emission targets and incentives to attract private investment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"COVID-19 caused a similar decline in electricity consumption in both countries during the first half of 2020, with South Korea dropping by 2.8% and Indonesia by 7.06%, primarily driven by industrial and commercial sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea's fiscal response included the Green New Deal (GND), a package of USD 145.5 billion to be implemented by 2025, which aims to create 1.9 million jobs through green infrastructure, low-carbon energy expansion, and industrial innovation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's National Economic Recovery (PEN) program, totaling USD 47.7 billion, focuses on social protection and business incentives, with only 0.9% of the total budget allocated to energy transition programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea's energy transition is hindered by a heavily centralized market structure dominated by the South Korean Electricity Power Company (KEPCO), which limits the development of a private power purchase (PPP) market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The South Korean GND lacks the specific emission reduction targets, timelines, and monitoring plans found in frameworks like the European Green Deal, focusing instead on fiscal investment and job creation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Private investment in Indonesia's clean energy sector is obstructed by four primary barriers: high financing costs, limited long-term debt funding, inefficient policy frameworks, and risk aversion within the financial sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia's energy transition is further complicated by local content requirements in the Omnibus Law and Draft Law of RE, which may lower project bankability as local materials are often more expensive and of lower quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the pandemic, Indonesia's state power company (PLN) continues to rely heavily on coal, with cleaner coal plants remaining a significant part of the RUPTL 2020-2029 plan.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Korea aims to increase its share of renewable electricity production to 20% by 2030 and 30-35% by 2040, while Indonesia targets a 23% national renewable energy mix by 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-001188#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fiscal policy","green recovery","renewable energy","carbon dioxide emissions","solar energy","wind power","electric vehicle","green building","power purchase agreement","Coal phase-out","phase-out","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","Philippines","Vietnam"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","policy analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003223","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003223","title":"Reformasi Subsidi LPG di Indonesia: Pembelajaran dari pengalaman internasional","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"id","date_published":"2021-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-07/lpg-subsidy-reform-indonesia-bahasa.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that Indonesia's current LPG subsidy system is regressive, benefiting wealthy households more than the poor, and places a significant burden on the state budget. It proposes a shift to targeted subsidies using biometric verification and direct benefit transfers. The report analyzes how India and Mexico used economic crises as opportunities to reform fuel pricing and strengthen social safety nets. It also warns that shifting from LPG to electric induction stoves could increase greenhouse gas emissions due to Indonesia's coal-heavy energy mix.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia's LPG subsidies are regressive and inefficient, with a significant portion of the benefits captured by wealthier households rather than the intended poor and vulnerable groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government has explored targeted subsidy schemes, including a proposal by TNP2K to use facial biometric verification via the LinkAja app to limit access to the bottom 40% of socio-economic households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transitioning to a targeted LPG subsidy system could significantly reduce government spending, with potential savings ranging from 40% to 70% depending on the inclusion of micro-businesses and farmers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Shifting from LPG to electric induction stoves in Indonesia may increase greenhouse gas emissions because the national electricity grid is heavily dependent on coal.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The high upfront cost of switching to electric stoves—approximately Rp4.8 million for equipment and power upgrades—acts as a barrier for lower-middle-class households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India utilized the COVID-19 crisis to increase fuel excise taxes, generating approximately INR 1.4 trillion in additional revenue between April and December 2020 to fund recovery packages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India implemented a social protection measure during the pandemic by providing three free LPG refills to eligible women under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) scheme.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mexico's 'Oportunidades Energéticas' program, which added an energy component to conditional cash transfers, successfully reduced the regressive nature of subsidies by ensuring 85% of funds reached the poorest 40% of households in its first year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003223#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition","coal-fired power station","social protection","energy poverty"],"geography_discussed":["India","Mexico"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002931","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002931","title":"Fuelling the Recovery: How India’s path from fuel subsidies to taxes can help Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2021-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/fuelling-recovery-india-subsidies-help-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document analyzes the fiscal challenges facing Indonesia, specifically its low tax-to-GDP ratio and the burden of fuel subsidies. It uses India's experience—where gasoline and diesel subsidies were phased out and replaced by flexible excise duties—as a blueprint for Indonesia. The authors recommend that Indonesia implement a fixed fuel tax to raise revenue for social programs and pandemic recovery, suggesting that such a measure is more politically viable in the short term than immediate subsidy elimination.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Indonesia faces significant fiscal pressure due to a low tax-to-GDP ratio, which was 11.9% in 2018 and fell below 8% in 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India successfully transitioned from high transport fuel subsidies to a regime of relatively high taxes, using these revenues to fund its COVID-19 response.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's fuel tax increases during the pandemic generated an estimated USD 19.4 billion in nine months, representing 7% of the Atma Nirbhar Bharat special economic package.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia currently employs a contradictory system where it both taxes and subsidizes gasoline and diesel; the 15% tax rate is offset by price subsidies that lead to losses for the state-owned oil company PT Pertamina.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A proposed tax of IDR 500 per litre for gasoline and diesel in Indonesia would generate approximately IDR 31 trillion (USD 2.2 billion) annually, which is about 2% of current government revenue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document identifies key political economy lessons from India, including the benefit of removing subsidies during periods of low international oil prices and the use of expert inquiries to provide transparent endorsement for liberalization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The authors recommend that Indonesia implement fuel taxes simultaneously with subsidy reform rather than waiting for the latter to be completed, as this can reduce consumer impact and defuse protests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002931#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","air pollution","greenhouse gas emissions","energy efficiency","fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["India","Delhi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","comparative study","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001297","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001297","title":"REFORMAS FISCALES DIGITALES MUNDIALES: POSIBLES CONSECUENCIAS PARA PAÍSES MINEROS","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"es","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/digital-tax-reform-mining-es.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the OECD's two-pillar digital tax reform, arguing that while named 'digital', its scope extends to the mining sector. It analyzes the exclusion of non-renewable resources from 'Amount A' of Pillar One, the inadequacy of 'Amount B' for mineral marketing, and the risks Pillar Two poses to developing nations, such as potential tax leakage to headquarters countries during cost-recovery periods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The OECD's global digital tax initiative, despite its name, has a broader scope that affects the mining sector and could impact the tax revenues of resource-rich countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under Pillar One, 'Amount A'—which assigns taxing rights to market jurisdictions—explicitly excludes 'non-renewable resources', including minerals and hydrocarbons, because these are generic goods valued by inherent characteristics rather than marketing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Amount B' provision of Pillar One, which applies a fixed return to marketing activities, is deemed unsuitable for the mining sector because minerals have limited value generated from marketing intangibles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Amount C' (Tax Certainty) process emphasizes binding dispute resolution for transfer pricing and permanent establishment adjustments, which the author suggests could undermine national sovereignty by removing international tax disputes from domestic law.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pillar Two aims to curb profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions via a global minimum tax, which could help resource-rich countries combat tax evasion involving offshore marketing hubs or shell companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pillar Two presents three specific risks for developing countries: a EUR 750 million revenue threshold that excludes smaller firms, a mismatch between global effective tax rate calculations and local rules regarding the rapid depreciation of exploration costs, and a design that favors the revenue of wealthier headquarters countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The proposed minimum tax rates in the OECD models (7.5% to 17.5%) are considered too low to prevent downward pressure on statutory tax rates in the mining sector, which typically reach 30%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001297#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["mining industry","fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["Singapore"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002591","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002591","title":"Investing for Tomorrow, Today","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-03/canada-budget-2021-climate-action-green-recovery-en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds a significant investment gap between Canada's current climate-related fiscal commitments and the funding required to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. While acknowledging positive steps in public transit and building energy efficiency, the authors argue that Canada is being outpaced by international peers, such as the US and EU, in per capita green spending. The analysis identifies critical funding shortfalls across seven sectors, including transportation, clean energy, and nature-based solutions, and calls for Budget 2021 to prioritize uncosted measures and scaled-up investments to ensure an equitable green recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a substantial gap between Canada's current climate fiscal commitments and the investment needed to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, with current policies estimated to meet only about 50% of what is required for Paris goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canada's per capita climate-related spending since the onset of COVID-19 is over eight times lower than the USD 2 trillion promised for climate investments by US President Joe Biden.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite green investments, the Canadian government committed at least CAD 3.6 billion to fossil energy in 2020, with 28% of that support lacking \"green strings,\" and Export Development Canada provides an average of over CAD 13.2 billion annually for oil and gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the transportation sector, Canada's funding for EV charging and alternative fuel infrastructure (CAD 150 million over three years) is significantly lower than the CAD 2 billion over five years recommended by the Task Force for Resilient Recovery.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Building retrofits are identified as a key recovery pillar, but current funding is insufficient; experts recommend up to CAD 26 billion over five years to expand programs, far exceeding the current CAD 6.1 billion commitment over seven years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Canada's investments in clean power production and storage (CAD 964 million over four years) fall short of expert recommendations, such as the TFRR's proposed CAD 5 billion Clean Power Fund for transmission and distribution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nature-based solutions are heavily skewed toward the two-billion-tree planting program, leaving significant funding gaps for the protection of 30% of land and ocean ecosystems by 2030 and Indigenous Guardians programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Agricultural climate funding is lagging behind international peers; the EU spends 73 times more than Canada on agri-environmental programs on a per-acre basis, and the US spends 13 times more.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002591#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["green recovery","Net-zero emissions","zero-emissions vehicle","public transport","active mobility","Building retrofit","clean energy","biodiversity","sustainable agriculture","circular economy","just transition","climate finance","fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United Kingdom","Germany","France","Denmark"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal assessment","policy gap analysis","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"pari-000039","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/pari-000039","title":"End of the Road: A Critical Review of the Local Government Fiscal Framework","publisher":{"name":"Public Affairs Research Institute","organization":"public-affairs-research-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-08-26","source_url":"https://pari.org.za/end-of-the-road-a-critical-review-of-the-local-government-fiscal-framework/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that South Africa's local government fiscal framework is unsustainable because municipalities cannot raise sufficient own revenue to cover operating expenditures. This funding gap has led to financial distress for many municipalities and the erosion of the social wage, as affordable basic services for poor households are not maintained. The authors conclude that the original assumptions of the 1998 White Paper on Local Government are incorrect and call for a redesign of the local government structure based on empirical data regarding service costs and affordability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pari-000039#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Many South African municipalities have reached a state of financial distress, failing to deliver transformative services or sustainable improvements in living standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pari-000039#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between the assumed and actual ability of local governments to fund operating expenditures from property taxes and service sales; while the White Paper on Local Government assumed a 73 per cent funding rate, research suggests the actual figure is likely less than 50 per cent.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pari-000039#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The current fiscal framework is eroding the social wage by limiting affordable and subsidised access to basic services, which in turn increases poverty and inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pari-000039#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The funding gap cannot be closed through the reduction of expenditure 'leakages' or through national transfers, necessitating a fundamental redesign of the local government structure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"pari-000039#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal assessment","policy review"]},{"id":"iejza-000243","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iejza-000243","title":"BUDGETING FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DURING COVID-19","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Economic Justice","organization":"institute-for-economic-justice"},"document_type":"fact sheet","language":"en","date_published":"2020","source_url":"https://iej.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/IEJfactsheet-Available-Resources-COVID19_2.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses South Africa's adherence to the ICESCR during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting failures in revenue generation and expenditure allocation. It argues that austerity measures have undermined healthcare, education, and social security, and proposes specific fiscal reforms—such as wealth taxes and a universal basic income grant—to ensure the progressive realisation of human rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The South African government has failed to sufficiently mobilise domestic resources through progressive taxation. Corporate income tax rates fell from 50% in 1990 to 28% in 2018, and personal income tax rates have declined since 1997, remaining less progressive than in peer countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Ethiopia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government's reliance on austerity measures has led to budget cuts in essential public services. Since 2016, average spending on social and economic programmes has lagged behind population and GDP growth, and the June 2020 Supplementary Budget cut R109 billion from social programmes to fund pandemic expenses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The public education system suffers from chronic underfunding and poor infrastructure. Between 2009/10 and 2018/19, real spending per learner decreased from R20,612 to R19,917, and over 3,500 schools lack water, security, and safe sanitation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"South Africa's healthcare system is characterized by deep inequality and chronic underfunding. In 2018, there was one public-sector doctor for every 2,457 people without medical aid, compared to one private-sector doctor for every 429 to 571 patients.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social security measures are insufficient to prevent poverty and hunger. As of 2015, 55.5% of the population lived below the official national upper bound poverty line. The COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress grant of R350 per month remains below the poverty line of R1,227.51.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To meet its human rights obligations, the government should implement specific revenue-raising measures, including a wealth tax on the top 1% (estimated to raise R143 billion), a solidarity income tax for those earning above R1 million, and the introduction of a universal basic income grant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000243#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["tax policy","human rights","poverty reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Mexico","Ethiopia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment","human rights monitoring"]},{"id":"wri-001806","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001806","title":"The Role of Domestic Budgets in Financing Climate Change Adaptation","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-02","source_url":"https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/uploads/Role_of_Domestic_Budgets_in_Financing_Paper_-_Global_Commission_on_Adaptation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that domestic budgets are often the largest source of adaptation finance in developing countries but are systematically under-utilised due to technical, institutional, and political barriers. It introduces 'climate budgeting' as a set of interventions across the budget cycle—from preparation and approval to execution and oversight—to prioritise adaptation. Through case studies in the Philippines, Afghanistan, India, and Bangladesh, the paper demonstrates how tools like climate budget tagging and climate change impact appraisal (CCIA) can increase the volume and quality of adaptation spending. It concludes with recommendations for governments to mainstream adaptation into routine public financial management and for international funders to use domestic budgets as a delivery modality for climate finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Domestic budgets are frequently the primary source of adaptation funding in developing countries, often exceeding international sources, yet they still fall short of projected needs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Preventative investments in climate adaptation are linked to higher GDP growth rates compared to taking no action or relying on remedial responses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Technical barriers to adaptation financing include definitional ambiguity regarding what constitutes adaptation and the difficulty of quantifying the economic returns of such investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Institutional barriers include the perception of climate change as solely an environmental ministry issue, which leads to insufficient engagement from the ministries of finance and planning that control resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Political counter-incentives exist because adaptation returns often occur in future election cycles, and politicians may gain more political capital from disaster response than from prevention.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate budgeting can be integrated at various stages of the budget cycle, including public investment appraisal (CCIA), macroeconomic forecasting, budget guidelines, and expenditure tracking via tagging systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Philippines has successfully used 'Programme Convergence Budgeting' to coordinate multiple agencies under a single 'Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Resilience Program', contributing to a 22% compound annual growth rate in national adaptation appropriations from 2016 to 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, the states of Odisha and Chhattisgarh have used Climate Change Impact Appraisal (CCIA) to identify vulnerable investments and redesign programmes to enhance adaptation benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Afghanistan's Ministry of Finance implemented national climate budgeting guidelines, focusing on a few key ministries to efficiently identify investments that support resilience or are vulnerable to climate risks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Bangladesh, civil society coalitions have used the government's Climate Budget Report to pressure the state for a 5% increase in climate-relevant budget shares and better reporting on the quality of spending.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective climate budgeting requires anchoring reforms in existing public financial management (PFM) processes rather than creating parallel systems, and requires leadership from central bodies like ministries of finance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"International climate finance should increasingly use domestic budgets as a delivery modality, including through budget support and 'top-ups' to government-financed development expenditure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001806#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Philippines","India","Odisha","Chhattisgarh","Assam","Afghanistan","Bangladesh","Nepal","Samoa","Seychelles","Tanzania","Uganda","Vanuatu","Thailand","Africa","Pakistan","Belize","Saint Lucia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002195","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002195","title":"How to Target Electricity and LPG Subsidies in India","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/target-electricity-lpg-subsidies-india-step-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the high cost and regressive nature of India's energy consumption subsidies, which totaled INR 87,830 crore (USD 13.1 billion) in 2017. It highlights a critical knowledge gap, as the last comprehensive distributional analysis is based on 2011 census data. The document proposes several targeting mechanisms, including opt-out schemes, volumetric quotas, categorical targeting based on social or geographic criteria, and the use of proxy means testing via income and asset data. It specifically analyzes the Ujjwala scheme's success in connection targeting and the challenges of sustained LPG usage among the poor due to ongoing consumption costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2017, India's electricity and LPG consumption subsidies cost INR 87,830 crore (USD 13.1 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity consumption subsidies are the largest energy subsidies in India, representing 49 per cent of all quantifiable central government energy subsidies in FY 2017/18, totaling INR 74,925 crore (USD 11.2 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Historical data from 2010 indicates that electricity subsidies in India were regressive, with the poorest quintile receiving only 14 per cent of the benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The PAHAL cash transfer scheme is the largest single petroleum product subsidy in India, estimated at INR 12,905 crore (USD 1.9 billion) in FY 2017/18.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Ujjwala scheme has been relatively successful in targeting the poorest for LPG connections, with 48 per cent of beneficiaries falling within the poorest 40 per cent of households based on self-reported income in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite LPG ownership, fuel stacking remains prevalent; in a 2018 survey of rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, 73 per cent of those with LPG stoves still used traditional chulha stoves for some or all cooking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'Give It Up' opt-out campaign for LPG has had limited impact on targeting, with only around 5 per cent of active connections de-registering.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Income-based targeting for LPG, which excludes households with an annual income above INR 1 million, has restricted less than 1 per cent of active connections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant data gap in India's energy policy, as the last comprehensive distributional analysis of energy consumption subsidies is based on the 2011 census.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that volumetric targeting for LPG could be improved by reducing the current annual quota of 12 cylinders, noting that the median purchase for Ujjwala households is five cylinders per year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002195#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy access","clean cooking","fossil fuel subsidy","social protection","energy transition","energy efficiency","poverty reduction"],"geography_discussed":["Jharkhand","Chhattisgarh","Odisha","Andhra Pradesh","West Bengal","Delhi","Mizoram","Nagaland","Thailand","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy review","distributional analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001329","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001329","title":"India Energy Subsidy","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2018-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/energy-subsidy-briefing-note-december-2018.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines proposed amendments to India's Electricity Act 2003 to introduce direct benefit transfers for subsidies and promote renewable energy. It notes a government ambition to increase its renewable energy target to 225 GW by 2022, though external analysts are less optimistic. The report highlights a rising fiscal burden from oil subsidies, potentially reaching USD 7.4 billion in FY2019, and details significant financial stress in the power sector. Additionally, it covers the expansion of LPG connections for poor women and the transition of several states to become kerosene-free.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Proposed amendments to the Electricity Act 2003 include the creation of a legal basis for direct benefit transfer (DBT) for electricity subsidies, where payments are made to consumers' bank accounts instead of electricity companies. Other proposals include penalties for Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) violations up to INR 1 crore, allowing multiple distribution licensees in one area, and requiring licensees to connect electricity to premises within seven days.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indian government believes it will exceed its 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022 and may raise the target to 225 GW, potentially requiring USD 50 billion in new investment. However, Wood Mackenzie projects that India will only achieve 76 per cent of the original 175 GW target by 2022 due to challenges such as equipment duties and cancelled auctions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High crude oil prices, which peaked at USD 80 per barrel in early November, are increasing the fiscal burden of oil subsidies. Moody's estimates the petroleum subsidy burden could reach INR 53,000 crore (~USD 7.4 billion) for FY2019 if prices average between USD 60 and USD 80 per barrel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's power sector is described as \"highly stressed,\" with nearly INR 1 trillion in bad or recast loans. Approximately 66 GW of capacity is under financial stress, including 55 GW of coal-based power, 6.8 GW of gas-based power, and 4.6 GW of hydropower.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) program, which provides deposit-free LPG connections to women below the poverty line, has increased its target from 5 crore (50 million) to 8 crore (80 million) women, with an additional budget of INR 4,800 crore (USD 669 million). NITI Aayog has suggested transitioning this to a fuel-agnostic \"cooking subsidy\" to encourage the use of biogas in rural areas and piped natural gas in urban areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Eight states or Union Territories have become kerosene-free, with Andhra Pradesh, Dadar-Nagar Haveli, Daman-Diu, and Puducherry not requesting subsidized kerosene in the first quarter of FY2019. Previously, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab had stopped such allocations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Solar tariffs in India reached record lows of INR 2.44 per unit in 2017 and 2018, leading to concerns about sector viability. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) proposed a tariff cap of INR 2.68 per unit (including safeguard duty), which industry associations argue may negatively impact project viability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001329#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","solar energy","offshore wind power","biogas","power purchase agreement","energy access","Grid balancing"],"geography_discussed":["Andhra Pradesh","Dadar-Nagar Haveli","Daman-Diu","Puducherry","Chandigarh","Delhi","Haryana","Punjab","Uttar Pradesh"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001633","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001633","title":"India Energy Subsidy","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2017-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/india-energy-subsidy-briefing-note-october-2017.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Indian government is implementing a series of reforms to reduce its petroleum subsidy bill, including daily price revisions for petrol and diesel and the gradual elimination of LPG and kerosene subsidies by March 2018. Simultaneously, the government is expanding electricity access through the Saubhagya scheme and restructuring distribution company debt via UDAY. There is also a proposal to integrate petroleum products into the unified Goods and Services Tax (GST) mechanism to simplify the current dual-taxation system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001633#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Indian government intends to reduce its petroleum subsidy expenditure by more than 50% by 2019/20, projecting a decrease from INR 25,000 crore (USD 3,825 million) in 2017/18 to INR 10,000 crore (USD 1,530 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001633#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To align retail prices with international crude oil prices and increase transparency, India introduced a policy in June 2017 allowing for the daily revision of petrol and diesel retail prices, replacing the previous fortnightly setting by oil marketing companies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001633#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government is pursuing the elimination of subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene by March 2018 through gradual price increases. For LPG, this involves monthly price hikes of INR 4 per 14.2kg cylinder; for kerosene, monthly hikes of INR 0.5 per litre are used to bring prices closer to market rates and prevent diesel adulteration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001633#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Saubhagya (Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana) scheme, with an allocation of INR 16,320 crore (USD 2.5 billion), aims to achieve universal household electrification by December 2018 by subsidizing last-mile connectivity equipment such as meters, wires, and transformers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001633#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas has proposed moving petroleum products into the Goods and Services Tax (GST) mechanism to replace the current system where products are taxed twice: first by a central excise tax and then by a state-level value-added tax.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001633#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Odisha","Maharashtra","Delhi"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001774","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001774","title":"Élimination des subventions au Canada : le rôle du Québec dans l’atteinte de l’objectif fédéral","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"fr","date_published":"2016-11","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/meeting-canada-subsidy-phase-out-goal-quebec-fr.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the fossil fuel subsidies provided by the province of Quebec, which primarily take the form of fuel tax relief. It argues that these subsidies act as a 'negative carbon price' that undermines Quebec's own greenhouse gas reduction targets and Canada's international commitments. The author identifies several key tax exemptions for aviation, rail, and regional consumers, and suggests mitigation strategies to support vulnerable sectors during a transition to cleaner energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada committed in May 2016, as a G7 member, to eliminate its fossil fuel subsidies by 2025, a goal that requires close collaboration with provinces since they provide the majority of such subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"At the federal level, Canada provides approximately 3.3 billion Canadian dollars annually in production subsidies for fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quebec's consumption subsidies were estimated at approximately 270 million Canadian dollars in 2015, primarily consisting of reductions in the provincial fuel tax.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The largest fiscal expenditure for fossil fuels in Quebec is the fuel tax reduction for aircraft and rail locomotives, which rose from 68 million Canadian dollars in 2006 to nearly 100 million Canadian dollars in 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Quebec provides fuel tax reductions in specific regions, particularly those bordering New Brunswick, Ontario, and the United States, to prevent consumers from fueling outside the province; this cost was 88 million Canadian dollars in 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Other significant consumption subsidies in Quebec include approximately 40 million Canadian dollars for agricultural, forestry, and mining companies, and 28 million Canadian dollars for public transit fuel reimbursements in 2015.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies act as a negative carbon price that hinders the development of low-carbon technologies and contradicts Quebec's targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 37.5% by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001774#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","greenhouse gas emissions","carbon price","energy transition","renewable energy","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["New Brunswick","Ontario","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002653","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002653","title":"Green Revenues for Green Energy","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2013-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/china_green_revenue_en.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines how environmental taxes and other market-based instruments can fund renewable energy deployment. Through eight case studies from diverse economies, it argues that EFR can generate a 'double dividend' by reducing pollution while providing stable funding for green energy. It highlights the importance of revenue recycling to maintain economic competitiveness and the role of earmarking in increasing policy transparency and public acceptance. For China, the report suggests transitioning from electricity surcharges to a system based on natural resource and carbon taxes to ensure long-term investment stability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Environmental fiscal reform (EFR) can generate a \"double dividend\" by simultaneously addressing environmental pollution and providing necessary funding for renewable energy technology deployment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Earmarking tax revenues for specific goals like renewable energy increases transparency and public acceptability, although it can reduce general budgetary flexibility.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"EFR measures do not inherently hinder economic growth; if revenues are recycled effectively, the impact on the economy can be positive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Revenue stability for green spending can be achieved through mechanisms such as quarterly or annual tax rate adjustments, price caps, and price floors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Denmark, the Public Service Obligations (PSO) tariff—a levy on electricity consumption—has been a primary driver for renewable energy expansion, helping increase the renewable share of domestic electricity production from 5% in 1994 to 41% in 2011.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The German Energy and Climate Fund (ECF) demonstrates the risk of relying on volatile market-based revenues, as low EU ETS allowance prices led to significant funding shortfalls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's Clean Energy Cess on coal has raised significant funds for the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF), but poor governance has led to approximately 75% of the budget remaining unused.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The United States' use of the Production Tax Credit (PTC) has caused 'stop-and-go' cycles in the wind industry due to the need for frequent Congressional renewals, which creates market uncertainty.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 1603 Treasury Grant in the US proved more effective than tax credits for many developers by providing immediate cash, leveraging over US$62 billion in additional project financing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Alberta's Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (SGER) shows that intensity-based targets can be politically viable for industrial emitters, though low carbon prices may limit their effectiveness in driving transformative change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"China's current reliance on an electricity surcharge for renewable energy funding is viewed as placing a disproportionate burden on consumers, necessitating a shift toward EFR measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For China to achieve its 12th five-year plan target of 20% power generation from renewables by 2020, it requires substantial investment, estimated at US$67 billion in 2012 alone.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002653#insight-12","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon tax","feed-in tariff","greenhouse gas emissions","energy efficiency","wind power","solar energy","bioenergy"],"geography_discussed":["Australia","Canada","Alberta","Denmark","Germany","India","Japan","United Kingdom","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","case study","fiscal assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001362","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001362","title":"Indonesia’s Fuel Subsidies: Action plan for reform","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2012-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/ffs_actionplan_indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes Indonesia's fuel subsidy regime, highlighting the fiscal burden of spending IDR 164.7 trillion (US$ 18.1 billion) in 2011. It evaluates the government's 2012 plans to restrict 'Premium' gasoline use and deploy CNG and LGV alternatives, while recommending a transition toward market-based pricing and improved public communication to mitigate social unrest.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In 2011, Indonesia spent IDR 164.7 trillion (US$ 18.1 billion) on fuel subsidies, with IDR 76.5 trillion (US$ 8.4 billion) specifically allocated to gasoline.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government's 2012 reform plan for 'Premium' gasoline included prohibiting its use by private four-wheel vehicles in Greater Jakarta and official vehicles in Java and Bali, alongside a target to convert 46,000 vehicles to CNG and 250,000 to LGV in the Java-Bali area by the end of 2012.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Infrastructure for non-subsidized gasoline (Pertamax) is insufficient; in Java and Bali, 295 filling stations require new investments to supply it, and Pertamina only has two of six refineries capable of producing Pertamax.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government proposed redirecting subsidy savings into four areas: cash transfers (BLSM) for 18.5 million households (IDR 25.6 trillion), public transport subsidies (IDR 5 trillion), productive activities like infrastructure and food security (IDR 30 trillion), and education (IDR 6 trillion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Civil society organizations (CSOs) are largely opposed to reform due to a lack of clarity in government plans and concerns that the poor will be negatively impacted; 60 per cent of surveyed CSOs were against fuel subsidy reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The deployment of CNG and LGV faces practical hurdles, including a lack of filling stations (only eight CNG and ten LGV stations in Jakarta), poor CNG quality causing engine damage, and high costs for conversion kits (IDR 10 million to IDR 13 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that ad-hoc pricing is inefficient and recommends transitioning to an automated pricing mechanism linked to international prices to reduce political interference and eventually reach a liberalized market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A pilot project using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to monitor mini-bus fuel consumption in Jakarta showed poor results, as 42 per cent of drivers did not understand the system's purpose.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001362#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","compressed natural gas","renewable energy","biofuel"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Bali","Jakarta","Bandar Lampung","Surabaya","Palembang"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment","stakeholder analysis","technical feasibility study"]},{"id":"saiia-001166","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001166","title":"Uganda’s Post-COVID Recovery Strategy & NDC Implementation","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SAIIA_CoMPRA_PI_16_UgandaPostcovid.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper finds that while Uganda has increased its climate ambition in its updated NDC, its actual post-COVID recovery packages have largely ignored green goals in favor of immediate health and economic rescue. It highlights a significant funding gap, where over 70% of NDC implementation costs must come from external sources, and warns that rising public debt may further obstruct climate investment. The authors recommend leveraging green procurement, nature-based solutions, and innovative financing to align economic recovery with the country's transition to a green economy by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Uganda's updated post-COVID NDC demonstrates increased ambition, raising the emission-reduction target to 24.7% below the business-as-usual trajectory by 2030, compared to 22% in the 2015 NDC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The updated NDC has expanded its mitigation scope to include sectors that were previously missing, specifically transport, waste, and industrial processes and product use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Uganda's actual COVID-19 stimulus packages failed to prioritize green recovery, focusing instead on healthcare and traditional economic goals, with some investments in industrial parks expected to have negative climate effects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a massive financial gap for climate action; the total cost to implement the updated NDC is estimated at $28.1 billion, with Uganda only committing to mobilize $4.1 billion (15%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High levels of public debt resulting from the pandemic are expected to hinder the government's ability to invest in a sustainable recovery, with debt servicing consuming up to 97% of domestic revenue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite being a natural resource-based economy, Uganda's public expenditure on environmental protection remains very low relative to its development goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Climate Change Act of 14 August 2021 provided the first legal mandate to enforce climate action and monitor NDC implementation, though it is yet to be fully operationalized.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government's transition to a green economy is described as very slow, and current public expenditure levels are unlikely to achieve the goal of a green economy by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pandemic caused temporary improvements in air quality in Kampala, with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions dropping by 6.0% during lockdowns, though these effects were not sustainable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001166#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","green economy","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","nature-based solutions","renewable energy","forestry","petroleum industry","greenhouse gas emissions","fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["Kampala","Nairobi","Dar es Salaam","East Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy analysis","fiscal assessment","alignment study"]}]}