{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":100,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=fiscal+analysis","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=fiscal+analysis&page=2","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"clipolin-000316","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000316","title":"Os bilhões invisíveis do crédito rural: o custo da política pública é quase cinco vezes o subsídio de juros","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"pt","date_published":"2026-07-15","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/pt-br/publication/os-bilhoes-invisiveis-do-credito-rural-o-custo-da-politica-publica-e-quase-cinco-vezes-o-subsidio-de-juros/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A research paper by CPI/PUC-Rio reveals that the public support for Brazilian rural credit between 2023 and 2025 averaged R$ 59.7 billion per year, nearly five times the commonly reported cost of R$ 12.5 billion for interest rate equalization. The study identifies four primary support mechanisms: economic subsidies, tax benefits (the largest component), public funding sources, and debt renegotiations. It highlights a lack of focalization, with only 31.9% of credit linked to social, environmental, or climate goals, and a significant transparency gap, as 65.2% of contracted volumes lack essential public monitoring data in the Sicor system.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The total measurable public support for rural credit between 2023 and 2025 averaged R$ 59.7 billion annually, which is nearly five times the R$ 12.5 billion usually reported as the cost of Treasury interest rate equalization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tax benefits are the largest identified mechanism of public support, with an estimated annual revenue loss of R$ 26.2 billion, more than double the expenditure on interest rate equalization.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public funding sources, including Constitutional Financing Funds (FCFs), the Worker's Support Fund (FAT), and the National Treasury, contributed an average of R$ 20.2 billion per year to rural credit between 2023 and 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Debt renegotiations, including interest discounts and term extensions, cost an average of R$ 0.8 billion per year from 2023 to 2025, with a peak of R$ 1.3 billion in 2024 due to accumulated payments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Rural credit exhibits low focalization; only 31.9% of the volume contracted between 2023 and 2025 was associated with social, environmental, or climate objectives. When Pronamp is excluded, this figure drops to 17.6%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The RenovAgro program, the primary line for low-carbon sustainable practices, represented only 1.4% of total rural credit during the 2023-2025 period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant transparency gap in the Sicor system: 65.2% of the contracted volume (R$ 747 billion over three years) lacks public data on the borrower, municipality, and financed area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory asymmetries exist where socio-environmental safeguards, such as the prohibition of credit for projects involving native vegetation suppression, apply to controlled or directed resources but not to 'free resources' (recursos livres), despite both benefiting from public support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000316#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agricultural subsidy","climate finance","Environmental and Social Safeguards","sustainable finance"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy evaluation","transparency assessment"]},{"id":"clipolin-000370","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000370","title":"Assessing the Quality of Adaptation Finance","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Assessing-the-Quality-of-Adaptation-Finance.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report introduces a qualitative framework for public finance providers—including donor governments, MDBs, and DFIs—to evaluate the quality of adaptation interventions. It categorizes quality across three levels: project (direct resilience), market (incentives and scale), and system (structural shifts). The tool uses a three-stage diagnostic (Initial, Progressing, Transformative) across criteria such as climate risk integration, target population reach, and the minimization of maladaptation. The report also includes data analyses showing a disconnect between national adaptation priorities and sectoral ODA flows, particularly in energy and health, and a misalignment between sovereign debt risk and the choice of finance instruments in moderate-risk countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"High-quality public adaptation finance is defined as the efficient deployment of scarce public capital to deliver resilience at project, market, or system levels, moving solutions toward commercial viability or sustaining necessary activities where markets fail.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The decision-support tool evaluates adaptation finance across three levels: the project level focuses on direct, measurable outputs; the market level assesses the shift in incentive landscapes and replication; and the system level examines structural shifts toward climate-resilient economies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of Official Development Assistance (ODA) flows from 2022–24 reveals that adaptation integration is uneven across priority sectors; while water supply and sanitation show 41% climate-tagged ODA, the energy sector has only 13% and health only 9%, despite both being frequent national priorities in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a systemic misalignment between sovereign debt risk and the choice of adaptation finance instruments, most notably in countries at moderate risk of debt distress, where non-concessional debt accounts for 90% of adaptation finance flows.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies significant data gaps that hinder the assessment of adaptation quality, including a lack of disclosure on how climate risk assessments shape project design and a deficiency in reporting the financial performance (such as IRR) of blended finance vehicles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Minimization of maladaptation is a critical cross-cutting criterion across all levels, aiming to avoid interventions that increase long-term vulnerability, entrench inequality, or lock in climate-vulnerable trajectories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A case study of the Catalyst Climate Resilience Fund (CCRF) demonstrates that early-stage funds in nascent markets may show 'Initial' or 'Progressing' stages in financial disclosure and replication, but can be 'Transformative' in targeting pre-commercial adaptation solutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000370#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["adaptation finace","Climate risk assessment","Blended Finance","maladaptation","national adaptation plan","Community based adaptation"],"geography_discussed":["Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["framework development","sectoral analysis","case study","fiscal analysis"]},{"id":"wri-001663","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001663","title":"Potential Impacts of the Oil Price Shock on India","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2026-06","source_url":"https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/2026-06/26_a4_iran-briefs_india_web.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines how India is managing an energy price shock resulting from conflict in Iran. To control inflation, the Indian government has absorbed costs by cutting fuel excise duties and increasing fertilizer subsidies, costing an estimated 590 billion Indian rupees between March and May 2026. The brief warns that continued shock absorption may drain budgets for grid modernization and renewable energy, while passing costs to the public would disproportionately harm low-income households through indirect inflationary effects on food and transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India faces significant energy vulnerabilities due to its reliance on the Strait of Hormuz, through which 45% of its imported crude oil and nearly 90% of its imported LPG pass.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between March and May 2026, the Indian government spent approximately 590 billion Indian rupees to manage price shocks, consisting of 140 billion rupees in lost fuel tax revenue and 450 billion rupees in additional fertilizer subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government's strategy of absorbing price shocks risks reducing public investment in critical energy transition infrastructure, including transmission infrastructure, grid modernization, and renewable energy deployment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"If the government stops buffering oil price shocks, the transport sector is among the most affected due to its petroleum reliance, while the chemicals and plastics sectors are highly sensitive as they use oil as feedstock.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The economic burden of passing on fuel price increases is uneven: while direct costs affect middle- and upper-income households, lower-income households are more vulnerable to indirect effects via food prices, electricity, and public transport.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of subsidy distribution using the Kakwani index shows that gasoline subsidies are regressive (-0.034), whereas subsidies for food and beverages (+0.128), public transport (+0.080), and electricity (+0.027) are progressive.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Persistent high energy prices could increase the cost of capital for clean energy investments if inflationary pressures lead the Reserve Bank of India to maintain higher interest rates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001663#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["crude oil","Grid modernization","electric power transmission","energy security","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Iran","Strait of Hormuz","Persian Gulf"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","economic impact assessment","distributional analysis"]},{"id":"issafri-000303","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/issafri-000303","title":"Malawi: Introduction","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Security Studies","organization":"institute-for-security-studies"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05-31","source_url":"https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=MW&topic=01-introduction","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Malawi is a low-income, landlocked country in Southern Africa facing severe economic and climatic vulnerabilities. Despite a stable democratic governance structure and the long-term 'Malawi Vision 2063' blueprint, the nation struggles with high poverty rates, a heavy reliance on agriculture, and significant fiscal deficits. Recent shocks, including El Niño-induced droughts in 2024 and the 2025 freezing of USAID funds, have exacerbated food insecurity and budgetary pressures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000303#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Malawi has established a long-term development strategy called Malawi Vision 2063 (MW2063), which aims to transform the nation into an \"inclusive, wealthy and self-reliant industrialised upper-middle-income country by 2063.\" The first phase, Malawi Implementation Plan I (MIP-1) from 2021 to 2030, specifically targets achieving lower-middle-income status and meeting most UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000303#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The country faces extreme poverty and low human development; as of 2023, more than 70% of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$2.15 per day. Malawi's Human Development Index (HDI) score of 0.51 placed it 172nd globally in 2023, ranking it below Zambia and Tanzania but above Mozambique.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000303#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Malawi's economy is highly vulnerable to climatic shocks due to its heavy reliance on agriculture, which employs 64% of the labour force and contributes approximately 25% of GDP. The 2023/24 rainy season, affected by El Niño, caused prolonged dry spells that led President Lazarus Chakwera to declare a State of Disaster in 23 of 28 districts in March 2024, with 6 million people experiencing acute food insecurity between May and September 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000303#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Severe fiscal pressures have been intensified by the early 2025 freezing of USAID funds, which previously provided over US$350 million annually and accounted for more than 13% of the national budget. This loss, combined with other shocks, contributed to a 2024 current account deficit of 18.7% of GDP and the highest fiscal deficit in sub-Saharan Africa at 10.2% of GDP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"issafri-000303#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agriculture","food insecurity","El Niño southern oscillation"],"geography_discussed":["Mozambique","Zambia","Tanzania"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["socio-economic analysis","fiscal analysis","developmental assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-002918","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002918","title":"Designed to Fail","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-05/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-undermines-municipal-finances.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that low-density urban sprawl is fiscally unsustainable for Canadian municipalities, contributing to a national infrastructure deficit of CAD 270 billion. Using Winnipeg as a primary case study, it demonstrates how the failure to account for long-term maintenance and carbon costs in development decisions creates a 'municipal Ponzi scheme' where new growth is used to mask the liabilities of old infrastructure. The author recommends reforming development cost charges, property taxes, and fiscal impact assessments to prioritize compact, complete communities that generate more revenue and produce fewer emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Canada faces a massive municipal infrastructure deficit, estimated at CAD 270 billion in 2025, which has led to the deterioration of essential assets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The City of Winnipeg exemplifies the crisis of sprawl, with an infrastructure deficit of CAD 8 billion that has forced the closure of a bridge, community swimming pools, and a softball centre.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-density urban sprawl is significantly more expensive to service than compact development; for example, a Vancouver study found servicing a house is five to nine times more expensive per capita than an apartment building.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Municipalities often engage in a 'municipal Ponzi scheme' by approving new developments for immediate tax revenue while ignoring the long-term costs of renewing the infrastructure they create.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current municipal pricing tools—including flat-rate road access, average-cost development charges, and property taxes—effectively act as fossil fuel subsidies by encouraging car-dependent growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fiscal Impact Assessments (FIAs) in Winnipeg are often ineffective because they lack spatial analysis, use timelines too short to capture full replacement costs, and do not account for environmental costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Intergovernmental transfers from federal and provincial governments can distort planning by encouraging 'free money' spending on low-return projects and reducing the incentive for robust asset management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that incorporating the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC), estimated by the Canadian federal government at roughly CAD 250 per tonne of CO2, would weaken the economic case for high-emission infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002918#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","Transportation emission","carbon price","land-use planning","active mobility"],"geography_discussed":["Vancouver","Halifax","Minneapolis–Saint Paul","Maryland","Toronto","Edmonton","Saskatoon","Manitoba"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy review","case study"]},{"id":"iejza-000122","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iejza-000122","title":"From Stability to Full Employment: A transformative agenda for Budget 2026","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Economic Justice","organization":"institute-for-economic-justice"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02-23","source_url":"https://iej.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Briefing-Note-Pre-Budget-2026.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) calls for a radical shift in South Africa's fiscal policy for Budget 2026, arguing that current priorities of debt stabilization and primary surpluses fail to address mass unemployment and poverty. The briefing proposes a 'full employment agenda' driven by progressive taxation, the mobilization of public assets like the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF), and a significant increase in public investment in infrastructure and social services. Key recommendations include implementing a universal basic income grant, adopting a dual policy rate regime via the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) to lower capital costs for development, and pursuing climate-responsive green industrialization. The IEJ warns that without such transformative changes, the economy will not absorb the growing labour force, leaving unemployment rates above 40%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Current fiscal policies prioritizing debt stabilization and primary surpluses are insufficient to address structural crises, as the economy's low labour force absorption rate means that even creating 5 million jobs over 10 years would leave 2.5 million more people unemployed than today, keeping unemployment above 40%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government can expand its fiscal space through progressive taxation of high-net-worth individuals and large corporations, revising the resource tax framework for climate goals and local beneficiation, and mobilizing assets from the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Municipal revenue collection is a significant untapped resource, with consumer debt exceeding R400 billion and collection rates averaging around 70%, well below the 95% benchmark.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To meaningfully reduce poverty and unemployment, South Africa requires GDP growth of 5-6% for a decade, supported by at least R1 trillion in cheap development financing from the SARB and Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) should adopt a dual policy rate regime to balance domestic demand and lower the cost of capital for development, while being mandated to recapitalize public banks like the DBSA and IDC.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document advocates for a permanent, adequate basic income grant for all working-age adults to complement existing social protection, noting that 66.7% of people remain in poverty and 17.8 million are food insecure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public investment has declined as a share of GDP since 2014, leading to critical shortages in health and education; for example, the number of doctors per 1,000 people fell from 0.79 in 2019 to 0.54 in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government should use the National Budget to drive green industrialization through local procurement, a just transition municipal package, and increased local beneficiation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iejza-000122#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","climate finance","just transition","low-carbon economy"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy recommendation","fiscal analysis","macroeconomic critique"]},{"id":"iisd-000218","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000218","title":"Indonesia’s Energy Support Measures","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02-09","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/indonesia-energy-support-measures","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Indonesia's energy subsidies peaked at IDR 886.1 trillion in 2022 and remained high in 2024 at IDR 713.5 trillion, with fossil fuel support accounting for 88.9% of the total. The report highlights three dominant costs: electricity compensation for the state utility PLN, 3-kg LPG subsidies, and fuel compensation payments to Pertamina. These measures often benefit higher-income households and create a 'net negative carbon price' that offsets the national carbon pricing scheme. While electric vehicle (EV) incentives have surged since 2020, they remain negligible compared to fossil fuel support. The document recommends a phased reform plan to redirect spending toward renewable energy, targeted social protection, and induction cooking to reduce import dependency and emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Energy subsidies in Indonesia reached a peak of IDR 886.1 trillion (USD 59.7 billion) in FY 2022 and were IDR 713.5 trillion (USD 45 billion) in 2024. Fossil fuel support remains the dominant expenditure, representing 88.9% of total support in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Three specific measures exceed IDR 100 trillion (USD 6.3 billion) annually: fuel compensation payments to Pertamina (which peaked at IDR 275.3 trillion in 2022), electricity compensation for PLN, and the 3-kg LPG subsidy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 3-kg LPG subsidy is poorly targeted, with over 68% of households in every income group consuming it, meaning the richest 10% use nearly as much as the poorest 10%. Transitioning the poorest 40%–60% to induction stoves could save between IDR 7 trillion and IDR 12 trillion annually.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies act as a negative carbon price that counteracts the national carbon pricing scheme. In 2023, this resulted in a net negative carbon price of USD 7.8 per tonne of carbon, outweighing the impact of the emissions trading scheme and carbon tax.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity support is driven by tariff freezes since 2017 and the Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) for coal, which requires producers to sell 25% of production to PLN at a fixed price of USD 70 per tonne. In FY 22, the DMO's implicit support exceeded IDR 200 trillion (USD 13.5 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electric vehicle (EV) subsidies rose to over IDR 22 trillion (USD 1.4 billion) in 2024, driving four-wheeler sales from 125 units in 2020 to over 43,000 by 2024. However, support for conventional transport fuels (IDR 17.1 trillion) and biofuels (IDR 25.8 trillion) in 2024 still far exceeds EV support.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000218#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","electric vehicle","renewable energy","biofuel","coal","energy transition","emission trading","carbon tax"],"geography_discussed":["Java-Bali"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-000692","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000692","title":"Mapping India’s Energy Policy 2026","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/mapping-indias-energy-policy-2026","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes India's energy subsidy landscape in FY 2025 and FY 2026, highlighting a significant imbalance where fossil fuel subsidies are three times higher than clean energy subsidies. It details the fiscal strain on state governments due to rising electricity subsidies and the vulnerability of the national budget to global LPG and crude oil price volatility caused by conflict in the Gulf. The analysis argues for a strategic shift from recurring fossil fuel subsidies to one-time capital investments in renewable energy, electric cooking, and electric mobility to enhance energy security and fiscal sustainability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In financial year 2025 (FY 25), India's quantified energy subsidies totaled at least INR 4.3 lakh crore (USD 51 billion), representing 2.3% of real GDP. Of this total, 68% (INR 2.9 lakh crore) consisted of direct budgetary transfers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity consumption subsidies provided by state governments were the largest component of energy subsidies in FY 25, reaching INR 2,40,992 crore (USD 28 billion) and accounting for nearly 58% of all energy subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High electricity subsidy burdens are impacting state finances; in FY 25, five states—Punjab, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh—spent between 9% and 20% of their state revenues on these subsidies. Punjab had the highest share at 20%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"LPG subsidies were the largest among fossil fuel subsidies in FY 25 at INR 71,718 crore (USD 8.4 billion), making up 17% of all energy subsidies. Due to global price volatility and conflict in the Gulf, annual LPG under-recoveries for oil marketing companies (OMCs) could exceed INR 60,000 crore (USD 7 billion) in FY 2026–27 if prices remain at INR 913 per refill.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Clean energy subsidies for electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy accounted for 10% of total energy subsidies in FY 25. Renewable energy subsidies peaked at INR 26,406 crore (USD 3 billion) in FY 25, with the PM Surya Ghar and PM-KUSUM schemes together representing 49% of that amount.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To stabilize prices during the Gulf conflict, the Government of India reduced excise duty by INR 10 per litre on petrol and diesel on March 27, 2026. If maintained through FY27, this is estimated to cause revenue losses of INR 1.3 lakh crore (USD 15 billion), or 0.4% of GDP.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Firm and dispatchable renewable energy (FDRE) is currently cheaper than the average power procurement cost of INR 5.38/kWh in 2024–25, with FDRE discovered tariffs between INR 4.76 and INR 4.77/kWh.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000692#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy subsidy","renewable energy","electric vehicle","fossil fuel subsidy","rooftop photovoltaic system","biogas","energy security","fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["Punjab","Rajasthan","Andhra Pradesh","Karnataka","Madhya Pradesh","Odisha","Arunachal Pradesh","Nagaland","Bihar","Mizoram","Maharashtra","Haryana","Delhi","Himachal Pradesh","Uttarakhand"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003109","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003109","title":"Energy Support Measures in Indonesia by Energy Source Data and References Annex","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-02/indonesia-energy-support-measures-annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories 130 support measures across six energy types in Indonesia: oil and gas, coal, electricity, renewable energy, biofuels, and electric vehicles (EVs). It details various mechanisms including direct financial transfers, tax exemptions, and price regulations. For the period FY 2021 to FY 2024, 27% of these measures were quantified using official government data, while 64% remained unquantified due to data limitations. The annex provides specific legislative references and nominal values in IDR and USD for each measure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The inventory identified 130 support measures for the Indonesian energy sector between FY 2021 and FY 2024, though only 27% of these were quantified due to data availability issues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Indonesian government provides significant direct financial compensation to state-owned Pertamina to cover losses from selling retail fuels (solar, premium, kerosene, and 3-kg LPG) below market prices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) for crude oil requires production-sharing contract signatories to supply up to 25% of output to domestic refineries at a discounted fee, currently 25% of the reference market price.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal producers benefit from a preferential export tax rate; while some companies pay 1.5%, those under Coal Contract of Works (CCoWs) were exempted as of 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government supports the electricity sector by compensating PT PLN for selling power below cost to vulnerable households (450 VA and 900 VA) and for not raising tariffs for non-subsidized customers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy developers can access various tax incentives, including a 30% reduction in income tax for six years starting from commercial production for high-priority projects.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government utilizes Green Sukuk Bonds to fund renewable energy infrastructure, including 121 facilities such as solar and micro-hydro plants for rural electrification in off-grid areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biodiesel producers receive price support to bridge the gap between the market price of diesel fuel and biodiesel, funded by an export levy on crude palm oil managed by the BPDPKS.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To accelerate EV adoption, the government provides several incentives, including a 0% luxury goods sales tax for battery-powered EVs and a VAT borne by the government for certain four-wheeled BEVs and buses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government has implemented a 2-wheeler conversion program providing subsidies of IDR 7 million to IDR 10 million per unit to convert internal combustion motorcycles to electric, though it appears discontinued in 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003109#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","coal","renewable energy","biofuel","electric vehicle","geothermal energy","solar energy","wind power","hydropower","energy subsidy","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["Java","Jakarta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["inventory","fiscal analysis","policy review"]},{"id":"iisd-000080","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000080","title":"Mapping India's Energy Policy 2025","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12-16","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while India has achieved a non-fossil electricity capacity share exceeding 50% in 2025, public finances remain heavily tied to fossil fuels. In FY 2024, fossil fuel revenues contributed nearly INR 9 lakh crore (USD 108 billion) to the exchequer, and 83% of central state-owned enterprise capital expenditures were directed toward fossils. Although clean energy subsidies grew by 31% year-on-year in FY 2024 and fossil fuel subsidies declined by 12%, the latter was attributed to cyclical price movements rather than structural policy. The study recommends improving the targeting of electricity subsidies, redirecting state-owned enterprise capital toward clean-tech, and diversifying government revenue through carbon pricing and green taxes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"India's non-fossil electricity capacity share exceeded 50% in 2025, meaning the country met one of its nationally determined contributions targets five years early. This was supported by clean energy subsidies that contributed to a fivefold growth in renewable capacity since 2014.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In fiscal year 2023–2024 (FY 2024), government support for fossil fuels was five times the size of clean energy support, the lowest ratio in five years. Clean energy subsidies increased by 31% year-on-year, while fossil fuel subsidies fell by 12%, though this decrease was due to cyclical price movements rather than structural policy changes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public finances remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, which contributed nearly INR 9 lakh crore (USD 108 billion), or 16% of all combined center and state government revenue, in FY 2024. Approximately 79% of this fossil revenue came from consumption taxes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State-owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to prioritize fossil fuel assets; nearly 83% of capital expenditures from central SOEs were allocated to fossils in FY 2024, primarily in oil and gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity subsidies constitute the majority (59%) of energy subsidies, which limits the fiscal capacity of state governments to expand clean energy programs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000080#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fossil fuel subsidy","public finance","carbon price","Nationally Determined Contributions"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003235","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003235","title":"Mapping India’s Energy Policy 2025","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-12/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that while India has achieved its non-fossil electricity capacity target of 50% by 2025, government support for fossil fuels remains five times larger than for clean energy. Total government support to energy in FY 2024 was at least INR 6.3 lakh crore (USD 75 billion), with a significant portion shifting from direct subsidies to investments by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and public financial institutions (PFIs). The analysis highlights a critical fiscal reliance on fossil fuel revenues, which account for 90% of energy revenues, and a growing burden of electricity subsidies for end consumers that constrains fiscal space for clean energy. The report recommends transitioning to targeted direct benefit transfers for electricity, phasing out fossil fuel production subsidies, and implementing a strategic roadmap for aligning public finance with net-zero goals by 2047.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Total government support for the energy sector in FY 2024 was at least INR 6.3 lakh crore (USD 75 billion), representing a 15% increase over the previous year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government support for fossil fuels in FY 2024 was five times the size of support for clean energy, the lowest ratio in five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy subsidies in FY 2024 totaled INR 3,57,844 crore (USD 43 billion), with 59% of these being electricity subsidies provided by state governments to end consumers, which reached an all-time high of INR 2,10,784 crore (USD 25 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public financial flows are shifting toward state actors; in FY 2024, SOE investments in energy were at least INR 2,73,262 crore (USD 32 billion), and PFI loan disbursements reached INR 3,14,207 crore (USD 38 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"India's energy revenues are heavily dependent on fossil fuels, which provided nearly INR 9 lakh crore (USD 108 billion) in FY 2024, accounting for 90% of total energy revenues.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The social and environmental externalities of fossil fuels in FY 2024 outweighed the revenues they generated by at least three times.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal remains dominant, with government support in FY 2024 totaling at least INR 71,807 crore (USD 8.6 billion), including INR 47,397 crore in subsidies and INR 24,410 crore in central PSU CapEx.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Clean energy subsidies increased by 31% over FY 2023 to reach INR 31,967 crore (USD 3.9 billion) in FY 2024, though they represent only 9% of all energy subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government support for electric vehicles (EVs) rose by 51% in FY 2024 to INR 15,386 crore (USD 1.85 billion), driven largely by concessional GST, which accounted for 71% of all EV incentives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies significant transmission bottlenecks, noting that as of June 2025, 50 GW of renewable energy capacity remains unutilized due to inadequate infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003235#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["renewable energy","fossil fuel subsidy","electric vehicle","battery energy storage system","green hydrogen","offshore wind power","carbon tax","carbon price","energy efficiency","bioenergy","climate finance","Net-zero emissions","Nationally Determined Contributions","critical minerals"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy review","quantitative assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-003609","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003609","title":"South Africa’s Energy Subsidies Inventory, 2025 Data, Definitions, and References Annex","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-12/the-energy-tab-annex.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report inventories quantified energy subsidies in South Africa, detailing nominal and real values from FY 2018 to FY 2025. It identifies a wide range of support mechanisms, including VAT zero-rating for liquid fuels, Eskom bailouts, and carbon tax exemptions, while also listing specific incentives for renewable energy and energy storage. The document applies the World Trade Organization's definition of subsidies to categorize these financial contributions and provides a breakdown of government guarantees as contingent liabilities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Total quantified nominal energy subsidies in South Africa rose from ZAR 44,151 million in FY 2018 to ZAR 197,971 million in FY 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon tax exemptions represent a significant and growing portion of energy subsidies, with nominal values increasing from ZAR 0 in FY 2018 to ZAR 57,211 million in FY 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Eskom bailouts are classified as subsidies because they are government transfers converted to equity that confer a benefit, with nominal values reaching ZAR 64,000 million in FY 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"VAT zero-rating for petrol, diesel, and illuminating paraffin is a major liquid fuel subsidy, with a nominal value of ZAR 40,914 million maintained from FY 2023 through FY 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Direct energy-related government guarantees, which are treated as contingent liabilities rather than direct fund transfers, totaled ZAR 587,096 million in FY 2025, primarily supporting Eskom and independent power producers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government provides several tax-based incentives for renewable energy, including Section 12B for accelerated depreciation and Section 12BA, which offered a one-off 125% upfront deduction for assets bought between 1 March 2023 and 1 March 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Solar water heater programme is described as having significant mismanagement, with ZAR 325 million in storage fees accumulated over six years to 2024 being classed as 'fruitless and wasteful expenditure'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003609#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy subsidy","renewable energy","energy storage","nuclear power","energy efficiency","photovoltaics","wind power","hydropower","biomass","climate finance","tax incentive"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy inventory"]},{"id":"saiia-001176","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001176","title":"Financing Africa’s Climate Goals: The Role of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Environmental Taxes","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2025-12","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/SAIIA_OP_361_FinancingAfricasClimateGoals.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses the feasibility of using domestic fiscal tools—explicit fossil fuel subsidies (EFFS) and environmental taxes—to close Africa's climate finance gap, which is estimated at 5–10% of GDP. While these tools could contribute 1.7% and 1.1% of GDP respectively, the author argues they are insufficient to fully close the gap. The paper recommends establishing independent fuel reserve authorities to manage price volatility and suggests a gradual, long-term withdrawal of subsidies to avoid social unrest and inflation. It highlights that Africa's climate finance is heavily dependent on foreign sources and public funding compared to global averages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Africa's climate finance gap is estimated to be between 5% and 10% of GDP, and domestic fiscal tools such as explicit fossil fuel subsidies and environmental taxes can only partially address this, contributing the equivalent of 1.7% and 1.1% of GDP respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate finance in Africa differs from global trends by having a much higher dependence on foreign sources (over 87% compared to 15% globally), a greater reliance on public rather than private sector financing (over 88% compared to 51%), and a higher proportion of funds dedicated to adaptation (44%) than mitigation (7%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Explicit fossil fuel subsidies (EFFS) in Africa are more than three times the global average, driven largely by natural gas and petroleum subsidies in North Africa and coal-fired electricity subsidies in South Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The demand for climate finance reported in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) often differs significantly from the International Monetary Fund's implicit fossil fuel subsidy (IFFS) models; most low- and lower-middle-income African nations overstate their needs relative to IFFS, except for South Africa and North African countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sudden 'big-bang' removals of petroleum subsidies, as seen in Kenya in 2022 and Nigeria in 2023, have led to social unrest and inflationary surges, prompting governments to temporarily reinstate subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Redirecting EFFS and environmental taxes could increase the domestic share of climate finance for key economies: South Africa's domestic supply could potentially rise from 38% to 50.5%, Nigeria's from 19% to 32.4%, and Egypt's from 28% to 33.1%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001176#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","climate finance","Nationally Determined Contributions","climate change adaptation","climate change mitigation","energy transition","public–private partnership","greenhouse gas emissions reduction","fiscal policy"],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Nigeria","Egypt","Kenya","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy evaluation","economic modeling"]},{"id":"ember-000486","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ember-000486","title":"How coal oversupply erodes company profits and state revenues","publisher":{"name":"Ember","organization":"ember"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-11-06","source_url":"https://ember-energy.org/chapter/how-coal-oversupply-erodes-company-profits-and-state-revenues/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report details a downturn in Indonesia's coal sector, where a strategy of increasing production volumes to offset falling global prices is contributing to market oversupply. This trend, combined with rising operational costs from inflation and new biodiesel mandates (B40), has led to a decline in net income for producers. Consequently, state non-tax revenues and provincial fiscal transfers to coal-dependent regions like East Kalimantan and South Sumatra have dropped significantly since the 2022 price peak.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global coal oversupply was driven by production increases in China (147 million tonnes) and India (104 million tonnes) between 2022 and 2023, alongside the removal of Australia's coal export ban.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesian producers attempted to maintain revenue by expanding exports—by 53 million tonnes in 2023 and 37 million tonnes in 2024—which further increased global inventories by 44 million and 48 million tonnes respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nine major coal companies planned a combined production increase of 26.6 million tonnes for 2025, with Bayan Resources and Bukit Asam planning the largest increases of 13.5 million and 6.7 million tonnes respectively, though actual production as of June 2025 reached only 357.6 million tonnes (48% of the annual target).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Company profits are being squeezed by falling prices and rising costs, including a mandatory biodiesel blending increase to 40% (B40) starting January 2025, which the ICMA estimates could increase annual production costs by 1 trillion IDR.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"State non-tax revenues from the mineral and coal subsector peaked at 183 trillion IDR in 2022 but fell by 4.4% in 2023 and 18.6% in 2024 as average coal prices dropped from 201 USD/ton in 2023 to 121 USD/ton in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Provincial fiscal transfers from coal royalties declined between 2023 and 2025 by 41% for East Kalimantan, 30% for South Kalimantan, and 23% for South Sumatra.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ember-000486#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","India","Australia","East Kalimantan","South Kalimantan","South Sumatra"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic analysis","fiscal analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000467","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000467","title":"Mapping India's State-Level Energy Transition","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-11-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-transition-chhattisgarh","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes energy subsidies and revenues in Chhattisgarh between FY 2020 and 2024, finding that fossil fuel subsidies have doubled since 2020 and that 78% of energy-related revenues depend on fossil fuels. While the state government provides 98% of electricity subsidies, clean energy subsidies account for only 8% of total quantified subsidies. The document recommends establishing state-level net-zero targets, better targeting electricity subsidies, diversifying revenue beyond coal, oil, and gas, and creating social support mechanisms for coal-dependent workers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000467#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between FY 2020 and 2024, total energy support in Chhattisgarh consisted of INR 12,648 crore in subsidies and INR 4,024 crore invested by public sector undertakings. Subsidies for coal, primarily from the Union government, have grown annually and represented 26% of all quantified energy subsidies in FY 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000467#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity transmission and distribution account for 62% of all quantified energy subsidies, with low-priced electricity comprising approximately 90% of that amount. The Chhattisgarh state government provides 98% of these specific electricity subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000467#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Clean energy subsidies represent only 8% of total quantified subsidies in Chhattisgarh, with the majority provided by the state government. Subsidies for coal, oil, and gas are four times higher than those for clean energy, and overall fossil fuel subsidies have doubled since FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000467#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy-related revenues in Chhattisgarh totaled INR 22,532 crore, accounting for 22% of the state's total revenues. The state is heavily exposed to energy landscape shifts as 78% of these revenues come from fossil fuels, specifically 38% from coal and 40% from oil and gas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000467#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Chhattisgarh Chief Minister's Office has a vision document targeting 66% renewable energy in the state's energy mix by 2047, though the report suggests establishing clear state-level net-zero targets to further transition support from fossil to clean energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000467#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["energy transition","fossil fuel subsidy","renewable energy","coal","petroleum industry","carbon neutrality","rooftop photovoltaic system","just transition","electric vehicle","biofuel"],"geography_discussed":["India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy mapping"]},{"id":"iisd-002941","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002941","title":"Making It Happen","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-11","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-11/g20-fossil-fuel-subsidies.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that G20 countries have failed to meet their 2009 pledge to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, with spending reaching USD 665 billion in 2023. It introduces a categorization framework that divides subsidies into 'quick phase-out' (within 1 year), 'phase-out with a robust strategy' (2-4 years), and 'time-limited exemptions' (4+ years). Applying this to Brazil, Germany, Italy, Mexico, and South Africa, the authors find that while a significant number of measures (30-55%) can be removed quickly, the majority of fiscal value is tied to deeply embedded structural subsidies requiring sequenced reform and mitigation measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"G20 countries have not met their 2009 commitment to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, with total spending reaching USD 665 billion in 2023, the second-highest amount ever recorded.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report establishes a three-tier framework for prioritizing subsidy reform based on energy security, socio-economic implications, and political sensitivity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Subsidies in the 'quick phase-out' category typically represent 30% to 55% of the total number of measures across the five studied G20 countries, though they often have lower fiscal value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of the total fiscal value of subsidies falls under 'phase-out with a robust strategy,' as these measures are deeply embedded in economic systems and require mitigation to avoid disruption.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Time-limited exemptions are rare and primarily reserved for ensuring energy access for vulnerable groups or where no viable alternatives exist.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the five case-study countries, 'phase-out with a robust strategy' measures accounted for between 46% and 89% of the quantified total fiscal value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies specific high-value subsidies in case countries, such as Brazil's BRL 36.2 billion fuel tax reductions for diesel, gasoline, and LPG, and South Africa's ZAR 47.4 billion carbon tax exemptions for companies like Eskom and Sasol.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion in July 2025 stating that states may be legally required to reduce emissions, including by ending fossil fuel subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002941#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","energy transition","climate finance","carbon leakage","energy security","just transition","carbon tax","European Union Emission Trading Scheme 1","renewable energy"],"geography_discussed":["Brazil","Germany","Italy","People's Republic of China","Argentina","Japan","United States","United Kingdom","Canada","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework","case study","fiscal analysis"]},{"id":"climstra-000397","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climstra-000397","title":"Transboundary Implications of Fossil Fuel Demand Reduction for Malaysia","publisher":{"name":"Climate Strategies","organization":"climate-strategies"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2025-10","source_url":"https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PPFF-2.0-Case-Study-Malaysia-final.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Malaysia faces significant fiscal and energy security risks due to its heavy reliance on oil and gas exports, particularly LNG shipments to Japan, South Korea, and China. The document highlights a growing crude oil trade deficit and the threat of stranded assets as global demand shifts. To mitigate these risks, the report recommends diversifying into green manufacturing, hydrogen, and carbon capture services, while establishing a Sustainable Energy Transition Fund and a Just Transition Commission to support displaced workers in resource-dependent regions like Sabah and Sarawak.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Malaysia's fiscal stability is highly dependent on the oil and gas sector, which contributed 3.2% to GDP and nearly 20% of federal government revenue in 2024. PETRONAS provided RM40 billion to the federal treasury in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The country's LNG export market is highly concentrated, with over 91.7% of exports going to Japan, South Korea, and China. This creates acute exposure to external shocks as these markets tighten climate policies, contributing to a 7% decline in LNG export volumes in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Malaysia is experiencing an emerging energy security vulnerability, shifting from a net-exporter to a net-importer of crude oil. In Q4 2024, the country recorded a net trade deficit of RM9.1 billion in crude oil, importing RM15.1 billion while exporting only RM6.0 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The energy transition poses significant social and equity risks, particularly in Sabah and Sarawak, where 61% of national reserves are located. Declining upstream activity threatens the OGSE sector, which employed approximately 123,000 workers nationally in 2022–2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Malaysia faces substantial environmental and fiscal liabilities from decommissioning, with over 380 offshore platforms and thousands of kilometres of pipelines. Potential spending on abandonment was flagged at USD 25 billion between 2018 and 2022.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government is pursuing diversification through the National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR), targeting 70% installed renewable energy capacity by 2050. Key initiatives include the Kasawari CCS project (3.3 MtCO₂/year) and Sarawak's hydrogen development corridor.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To ensure a just transition, the report recommends creating a Just Transition Commission and establishing a Malaysia Sustainable Energy Transition Fund (MSETF) with a target capitalization of RM100 billion by 2040.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climstra-000397#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["petroleum industry","liquefied natural gas","renewable energy","carbon capture and storage","hydrogen","electric vehicle","carbon price","stranded asset","just transition","energy security","biobased economy"],"geography_discussed":["Sabah","Sarawak","Japan","South Korea","People's Republic of China","European Union","ASEAN","Indonesia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","socio-economic impact assessment","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"iisd-001756","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001756","title":"Mapping India’s State-Level Energy Transition: Chhattisgarh","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-09/mapping-india-energy-transition-chhattisgarh.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Chhattisgarh remains deeply dependent on fossil fuels, with government subsidies for coal and oil and gas being four times higher than those for clean energy in FY 2024. While the state has a vision to reach 66% renewable energy by 2047, current public investment is dominated by thermal power expansion and electricity price supports. Energy revenues, which make up 22% of the state's total receipts, are primarily driven by oil and gas VAT and coal royalties, leaving the state vulnerable to the national energy transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In FY 2024, total quantified energy subsidies from Union and state governments in Chhattisgarh reached INR 12,648 crore (USD 1.53 billion), representing a 75% increase since FY 2020.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Fossil fuel subsidies significantly outweigh clean energy support; in FY 2024, subsidies for coal and oil and gas were four times higher than those for clean energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) subsidies are the largest component of energy support, accounting for 62% of total quantified subsidies in FY 2024 (INR 7,795 crore), with 98% provided by the state government.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Coal subsidies, primarily from the Union government, doubled between FY 2020 and FY 2024, reaching INR 3,332 crore in FY 2024 and making up 26% of all quantified energy subsidies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Renewable energy subsidies grew by approximately 50% between FY 2020 and FY 2024, totaling INR 786 crore in FY 2024, with 95% of this support directed toward solar pump schemes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy-related revenues accounted for 22% of Chhattisgarh's total revenue receipts in FY 2024, totaling INR 22,532 crore (USD 2.7 billion). Oil and gas (40%) and coal (38%) were the dominant contributors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The state's energy generation is heavily reliant on thermal power, which made up 92% of the total installed capacity of 17.4 GW as of March 31, 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in the state are lagging in clean energy diversification; for example, SECL had commissioned only 20.6 MW of solar capacity by FY 2024, despite a target of 700 MW by FY 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Chhattisgarh's state-owned power generation company, CSPGCL, operates an aging thermal fleet with an average age of 23 years and is planning a new 1,320 MW supercritical TPP in Korba (West) for 2029–2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Support for electric vehicles (EVs) increased from INR 12 crore in FY 2020 to INR 193 crore in FY 2024, driven by the Chhattisgarh State Electric Vehicle Policy 2022 and Union schemes like FAME.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001756#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["coal","renewable energy","solar energy","electric vehicle","bioenergy","energy subsidy","climate finance","just transition","carbon neutrality","energy efficiency","green hydrogen"],"geography_discussed":["India","Jharkhand","Odisha","Madhya Pradesh","Korba district"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["fiscal analysis","policy review","quantitative assessment"]},{"id":"iisd-001842","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001842","title":"Phasing out plan for fossil fuel subsidies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2025-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-11/netherlands-uitfaseerplan-fossiele-subsidies-english.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Netherlands is implementing a multi-level approach to phase out fossil fuel subsidies, focusing on international cooperation through the COFFIS coalition and EU-wide mechanisms like the EU ETS and CBAM. Nationally, the government uses an 'external costs approach' to identify price gaps, which amounted to a fossil subsidy of 18.0 billion euros in 2024. The plan includes raising energy taxes on natural gas through 2030, introducing a differentiated air passenger tax in 2027, and phasing out specific exemptions for greenhouse horticulture and coal use. However, several subsidies remain due to international treaties (e.g., the Energy Taxation Directive) or concerns over carbon leakage and social fairness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Netherlands calculates fossil fuel subsidies using two methods: an 'external costs approach' that compares CO2 pricing against quantified climate damage, and an 'inventory approach' that assesses specific subsidy expenditures and tax schemes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2024, the calculated price gap, representing the fossil subsidy in the Netherlands, was 18.0 billion euros.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Netherlands established the Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS) in 2023 to coordinate national implementation, share lessons, and address international barriers to subsidy reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Dutch government is advocating for the expansion of the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS) to include waste incineration plants from 2028 and is evaluating the inclusion of long-distance aviation emissions in 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Energy tax rates for natural gas are being raised through 2030; for consumption up to 170,000 m3/year, the rate will increase from 25.2 eurocents per m3 in 2017 to 65.5 eurocents per m3 by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Starting January 1, 2027, the Netherlands plans to implement a differentiated air passenger tax based on flight distance, with rates ranging from 29.40 euros for short flights to 70.86 euros for long-distance flights (> 5,500 km).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several high-value subsidies cannot be unilaterally phased out by the Netherlands because they are mandated by international treaties or EU law, such as the exemption for fuel oil in maritime shipping (5,952 million euros in 2025) and kerosene in international aviation (2,845 million euros in 2025).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government is phasing out the reduced energy tax rate for greenhouse horticulture between 2030 and 2035 to encourage the adoption of sustainable heating techniques like heat pumps and geothermal heat.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Netherlands is introducing a green gas blending obligation on January 1, 2027, targeting a chain emission reduction of 2.85 megatonnes of CO2 by 2031.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Dutch government maintains certain exemptions, such as the energy tax rebate for electricity connections (4,797 million euros in 2025), viewing them as essential burden compensation for households.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001842#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","European Union Emission Trading Scheme 1","carbon leakage","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","greenhouse gas emissions","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","United States","People's Republic of China"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework","fiscal analysis","strategic roadmap"]},{"id":"iisd-002301","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002301","title":"Uitfaseerplan fossiele brandstofsubsidies","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"nl","date_published":"2025-10","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2025-11/uitfaseerplan-fossiele-subsidies-nl-2025.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Netherlands is implementing a 'Whole of Government Approach' to phase out fossil fuel subsidies, focusing on international cooperation through the COFFIS coalition and EU-level mechanisms like the EU-ETS and CBAM. Nationally, the government uses an 'external costs approach' to identify pricing gaps, which amounted to a fossil subsidy of 18.0 billion euro in 2024. The plan details specific phase-out paths for various tax exemptions and subsidies, while identifying several others that remain unchanged due to international treaties or socio-economic considerations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Netherlands uses two methods to track fossil fuel subsidies in the Miljoenennota: an 'external costs approach' and an 'inventory approach'. The former compares the actual CO2 pricing against the quantified external costs of climate damage, identifying a 'pricing gap' or fossil subsidy of 18.0 billion euro for 2024 based on a reference price of 174 euro/ton CO2.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In 2023, the Netherlands founded the Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS), a group of 17 countries committed to publishing national inventories and phase-out plans. COFFIS specifically targets international barriers to reform, with a primary focus on the aviation and shipping sectors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Netherlands advocates for the EU-ETS to be the 'backbone' of climate policy and proposes expanding it to include waste incineration plants by 2028. It also supports the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) as a more sustainable alternative to granting free emission rights to prevent carbon leakage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The government is implementing a phased increase in energy taxes for natural gas through 2030. For consumption up to 170,000 m3/year, rates will rise from 25.2 (+ 1.6 cent ODE) eurocents per m3 in 2017 to 65.5 eurocents per m3 in 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Several national subsidies are being phased out or reduced: the reduced energy tax for greenhouse horticulture will be phased out between 2030 and 2035, and the input exemption for natural gas in electricity generation will be linearly reduced from 2025 to 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A number of fossil fuel advantages cannot be unilaterally removed by the Netherlands because they are mandated by international treaties or EU directives, such as the Energy Taxation Directive (ETD). These include excise exemptions for kerosene in international aviation and fuel for commercial shipping.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Netherlands has introduced a flight tax of 29.40 euro per departing passenger as of January 1, 2025, with plans to differentiate rates by destination distance starting January 1, 2027, ranging from 29.40 euro (EU/ <2,000 km) to 70.86 euro (> 5,500 km).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain subsidies are maintained due to socio-economic reasons or lack of effectiveness in reducing emissions. For example, the energy tax refund for non-profit and religious institutions is kept to avoid harming the financial viability of these organizations and their connection to vulnerable groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002301#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["fossil fuel subsidy","carbon price","Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","carbon leakage","energy transition"],"geography_discussed":["European Union","World"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy framework","fiscal analysis"]}]}