{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["field investigation"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":10,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=field+investigation","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"mearth-000142","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/mearth-000142","title":"CARREFOUR NOUS ENFUME… TOUJOURS!","publisher":{"name":"Mighty Earth","organization":"mighty-earth"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":"2022-11-25","source_url":"https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/K4NE_ToujoursFR-V5.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Mighty Earth's October 2022 investigation reveals that Carrefour continued to sell beef from suspended JBS slaughterhouses in Brazil, particularly through its Atacadão and Sam's Club stores. Despite public claims of suspending suppliers in Rondônia, the group's supply chain remains heavily dependent on JBS, with 27% of identified beef products coming from ten slaughterhouses linked to recent deforestation. The report also highlights illegal fires at the Fazenda Rondon property supplying JBS and criticizes Carrefour's 2026 strategy as lacking ambition and transparency regarding both beef and soy sourcing.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"An October 2022 investigation of ten Carrefour stores in Brazil found that the group continued to sell beef products from slaughterhouses it had publicly announced as suspended due to deforestation in indigenous territories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ten JBS slaughterhouses associated with recent deforestation cases provided 27% of the beef products identified in Mighty Earth's store survey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carrefour's dependence on JBS is significant, with two-thirds of the beef products sold by the group in Brazil originating from JBS, exceeding JBS's own overall market share in Brazil.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Atacadão brand, which represents 72% of Carrefour's sales in Brazil in 2022, is a primary channel for products from the Amazon, with 56% of sampled JBS products in these stores originating from the Amazon region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Evidence shows JBS purchased cattle from Fazenda Rondon in Mato Grosso while the property was losing primary forest; specifically, it lost 630 hectares between February and July 2021 and another 369 hectares by the end of that year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carrefour's 2026 strategy is criticized for being unambitious, as it allows beef-related deforestation to continue for eight more years and provides no solid information on the Cerrado biome.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Transparency regarding soy sourcing is limited to Carrefour-branded animal products sold only in France, omitting volumes, specific silos, or the municipalities of origin.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000142#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","methane emissions","land-use change"],"geography_discussed":["Rondônia","Mato Grosso","Pará","France"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain audit","corporate policy analysis","field investigation"]},{"id":"mearth-000156","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/mearth-000156","title":"SWEET NOTHINGS","publisher":{"name":"Mighty Earth","organization":"mighty-earth"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-02","source_url":"https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/MightyEarthSweetNothingsReportFINAL.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Mighty Earth's analysis of satellite data and field research indicates that tropical forest destruction in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana remains high despite the 2017 Cocoa & Forests Initiative. The report highlights ongoing canopy loss in protected areas and a lack of transparent monitoring systems, calling for joint public monitoring and a shift toward agroforestry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000156#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Overall forest clearance levels in the key cocoa-producing regions of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana remain near record highs, with significant losses occurring in designated protected areas that serve as carbon sinks and wildlife habitats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000156#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Côte d'Ivoire, historical tree cover loss since January 2019 has been 2.3 times higher than the 2001-2017 period and 3.4 times higher than the average loss during the 2000s.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000156#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ghana experienced a significant spike in deforestation in 2020; countrywide tree cover loss since January 2019 was 3.7 times higher than the 2001-2010 period and 1.5 times higher than the 2011-2019 average.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000156#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Cocoa & Forests Initiative (CFI) has failed to establish promised traceability and monitoring systems; Côte d'Ivoire's national cocoa traceability system and Ghana's 100% sourcing traceability goals for December 2019 did not materialize.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000156#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Deforestation continues within specific protected areas: Mont Péko National Park lost over 350 ha of forest in 2020, and Ghana's Sui River Forest Reserve lost 1,328 ha since 2019.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000156#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","agroforestry","carbon sink","biodiversity loss","climate change mitigation"],"geography_discussed":["Mont Péko National Park","Taï National Park","Sui River Forest Reserve","Bia National Park","European Union","Japan","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["satellite data analysis","field investigation","policy assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000067","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000067","title":"Fishing for Catastrophe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"fr","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-EX-SUMMARY-FRENCH-FINAL-WEB-FISHING-FOR-CATASTROPHE-2019-.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is precipitating the collapse of fish stocks and undermining food security in developing nations. Through field investigations in India, Vietnam, and Gambia, it documents the use of juvenile fish and non-target species, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and the diversion of human-grade fish to animal feed. The document identifies links between these unsustainable practices and major European retailers and global aquafeed companies, while criticizing the Marine Ingredients Organization (IFFO) for conflicts of interest in its certification processes. It recommends a transition to sustainable feed alternatives and the elimination of wild-caught fish in aquaculture feeds.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In India, FMFO plants monetize the capture of juvenile fish and non-target species, leading to ecosystem imbalances and the collapse of traditional stocks like sardines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Vietnam, significant under-reporting of catches and unauthorized transshipment at sea allow overfishing to continue unchecked, with fishers in Vùng Tâu reporting record low catches in 2018.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Gambia, the FMFO industry has grown rapidly, with a single plant accounting for approximately 40% of the country's total declared fish catches in 2016, much of which is exported to China via Vietnam to bypass food safety controls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organization (IFFO) is described as unfit to be a certification body due to a conflict of interest, as it functions as both a trade organization and a certifier for the FMFO sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000067#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","Global supply chain governance"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Norway","Scotland","Mauritania","European Union","United States","Canada"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","field investigation","policy assessment"]},{"id":"chanmar-000089","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000089","title":"Fishing for Catastrophe","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-10","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CM-WEB-FINAL-FISHING-FOR-CATASTROPHE-2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that the production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for aquaculture is precipitating the collapse of fish stocks and compromising food security in the Global South. Investigations in India, Vietnam, and The Gambia reveal rampant illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, including the capture of juvenile fish and the use of illegal nets. The report establishes links between these unsustainable practices and major European aquafeed companies and retailers. It further critiques the Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) certification as a 'sustainability smokescreen' and warns that the industry's reliance on finite wild-fish resources poses a systemic risk to the aquaculture sector's long-term viability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) for global aquaculture is accelerating the collapse of fish stocks and threatening food security in India, Vietnam, and The Gambia, particularly as oceans are already stressed by climate change and pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In India, FMFO plants are indiscriminately accepting 'all fish', including juvenile fish caught with illegal nets and species not previously targeted, leading to a 'sardine crash' and a shift toward extracting reef species like leatherjacket and red-tooth triggerfish.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Vietnamese fisheries are characterized by significant underreporting of catches and unauthorized transshipment, with boats regularly fishing illegally in Malaysian and Indonesian waters due to the depletion of local stocks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In The Gambia, the FMFO industry has a massive scale relative to national catches, with one plant alone accounting for approximately 40% of the country's total reported fish catches in 2016, while products are often exported illegally without food-safety certificates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies direct and indirect links between unsustainable FMFO sourcing in Asia and Africa and major European retailers, including Sainsbury’s, Tesco, ALDI, Lidl, and Carrefour (via various aquafeed and processor intermediaries).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Marine Ingredients Organisation (IFFO) certification is described as a 'sustainability smokescreen' because it certifies plants with proven links to unsustainable fishing and suffers from a conflict of interest due to its role as both a trade association and a certification body.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The aquaculture industry faces a systemic resource risk as global demand for FMFO is projected to outstrip supply, leading to increased price volatility and costs, which is exacerbated by climate change impacts on key producers like Peru.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"FMFO production causes severe local environmental degradation, including the discharge of untreated wastewater into mangroves and rivers in India and The Gambia, and creates noxious odors that damage local ecotourism.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000089#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["aquaculture","food security","climate change","Global supply chain governance","water pollution"],"geography_discussed":["Peru","People's Republic of China","Norway","Mauritania","European Union","United Kingdom","France","Germany","Netherlands","Spain","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","field investigation","policy assessment"]},{"id":"mearth-000135","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/mearth-000135","title":"An “Open Secret:” Illegal Ivorian Cocoa","publisher":{"name":"Mighty Earth","organization":"mighty-earth"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-07-31","source_url":"https://mightyearth.org/article/an-open-secret-illegal-ivorian-cocoa/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"Mighty Earth's investigation in Côte d’Ivoire reveals that cocoa production is the primary driver of illegal deforestation in protected areas, such as Scio, Goin Debe, and Mount Peko National Park. The report describes a system where farmers encroach on parks, kill ancient trees to open the canopy, and collaborate with predatory loggers to harvest remaining hardwoods. This process has led to the loss of over 80% of the country's forests between 1960 and 2010 and the eradication of primate populations in 13 of 23 surveyed protected areas. Despite commitments from 34 major chocolate companies and the Ivorian government to end deforestation, the report finds that illegal cultivation continues in broad daylight, supported by an 'open secret' of government inaction and the presence of illegal settlements numbering around 30,000 people in parks like Marahoué and Mont Péko.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000135#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Cocoa production is considered the primary cause of deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire, with a significant portion of exported cocoa originating from within forest reserves and national parks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000135#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 1960 and 2010, more than 80% of Côte d’Ivoire's forests were lost. This environmental destruction has severely impacted wildlife; a study found that 13 out of 23 surveyed protected areas lost their entire primate populations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000135#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal cocoa cultivation is widespread and visible, with entire towns and villages established inside protected areas. Marahoué Park and Mont Péko Park each have illegal populations of approximately 30,000 people, including infrastructure like schools and health centers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000135#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Mount Peko National Park, cocoa expansion has driven forest destruction, with an annual production of 10,000 tonnes of cocoa valued at over $28 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000135#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite a commitment by 34 of the world's largest chocolate companies to end deforestation, and various promises from the Ivorian government, the report notes that these commitments have not yet translated into actual forest protection.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000135#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","biodiversity loss","land use"],"geography_discussed":["Scio","Goin Debe","Duékoué","Mount Peko National Park","Marahoué Park"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["field investigation","satellite mapping"]},{"id":"mearth-000153","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/mearth-000153","title":"Exposing the Secrets Behind Burger King and Global Meat Production Report","publisher":{"name":"Mighty Earth","organization":"mighty-earth"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-02","source_url":"https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/MightyEarth_MysteryMeat.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report argues that Burger King lacks transparency and effective policies to prevent deforestation in its supply chain, contrasting it with competitors like McDonald's. Through field investigations and satellite mapping, the authors link Burger King's suppliers—specifically soy traders Cargill and Bunge—to the destruction of the Brazilian Cerrado and Bolivian lowland forests. The document highlights the resulting loss of biodiversity, carbon emissions, and violence against indigenous peoples, while advocating for the expansion of the Brazilian Amazon Soy Moratorium to other Latin American ecosystems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Burger King is criticized for a lack of transparency and environmental policy, scoring zero on the Union of Concerned Scientists’ 2016 scorecard for beef sellers' deforestation profiles and lagging behind competitors such as McDonald’s and Wendy’s.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Industrial soy production, which provides approximately three quarters of the world's soy for animal feed, has led to the conversion of diverse native ecosystems into monocultures across South America, including the Amazon rainforest, the Argentine Chaco, and the Atlantic Forest in Paraguay.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Brazilian Cerrado, a biodiversity-rich savanna that provides water for half of Brazil's watersheds, more than half of the natural vegetation has been destroyed. Analysis identifies Cargill and Bunge as the two soy traders most closely linked to this deforestation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2011 and 2015, 29 municipalities in the Cerrado where Bunge operated commercial silos saw 567,562 hectares of deforestation, while 24 municipalities with Cargill silos saw 130,000 hectares of deforestation over the same period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Bolivia, deforestation is heavily concentrated in the Santa Cruz region, with up to 90% of this clearing reported as illegal. Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) are identified as the most common buyers of soy in the visited locations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Deforestation for soy and cattle in Brazil and Bolivia has led to severe human rights abuses, including the displacement of indigenous groups like the Ayoreo and the murder of forest defenders by hit men hired by agricultural interests.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Soy Moratorium in the Brazilian Amazon successfully reduced new soy plantations from deforested land from 30% to 1% following the agreement, demonstrating that agricultural growth is possible without deforestation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"mearth-000153#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","biodiversity loss","carbon dioxide emissions","sustainable agriculture","Global supply chain governance","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["Amazon rainforest","Argentina","Paraguay","Santa Cruz","MATOPIBA"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["supply chain analysis","field investigation","satellite mapping"]},{"id":"chanmar-000026","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/chanmar-000026","title":"IMPACTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTION ON COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT IN INDIA","publisher":{"name":"Changing Markets Foundation","organization":"changing-markets-foundation"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-02","source_url":"https://changingmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2016-04_pharma-pollution-in-India_small_web_spread.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents severe water and soil contamination caused by the bulk drug industry in India, particularly in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It highlights a systemic failure of waste treatment infrastructure and regulatory oversight, linking local pollution to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The investigation identifies major pharmaceutical companies, including Aurobindo, Dr Reddy's, Hetero, and Mylan, as significant polluters whose products enter global markets, while local communities suffer from chronic health issues and destroyed livelihoods.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Pharmaceutical manufacturing in India is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is described as a global health threat comparable to climate change due to the way antibiotic discharges trigger resistance in bacteria that then spread worldwide.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The bulk drug industry in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam has caused extreme contamination of waterways and agricultural lands, leading to severe health problems for local residents, including higher abortion rates, birth defects, stunted growth in children, and skin diseases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effluent treatment systems in Hyderabad are characterized by systemic dysfunction. The Amberpet Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), reported to be Asia's largest, is unable to remove hazardous compounds and was found to be closed for maintenance in early 2016, during which time wastewater was diverted directly into the Musi River.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regulatory oversight is described as ineffective or complicit, with private laboratories paid by the industry to provide clean bills of health in Environmental Impact Assessments, creating a conflict of interest similar to ratings agencies before the 2008 financial crash.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major pharmaceutical companies such as Aurobindo, Dr Reddy's, Hetero, and Mylan are identified as significant polluters. For example, an analysis of inspection reports found 15 drug manufacturers in the Patancheru-Bollaram cluster were producing ingredients without permission and dumping more hazardous waste than allowed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report highlights a lack of transparency in global pharmaceutical supply chains, noting that Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) frameworks focus on drug safety but do not oblige companies to implement environmental safeguards for outsourced production in India and China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Visakhapatnam, the Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma City (JNPC) is accused of shifting pollution from Hyderabad to the coast, with reports of chemical effluent being discharged into the sea and impacting local fish stocks and coastal villages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Illegal dumping of pharmaceutical waste via tankers is common, often occurring at night to bypass Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), directly contaminating village wells and agricultural land.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"chanmar-000026#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water pollution","Global supply chain governance","environmental regulation","public health"],"geography_discussed":["Hyderabad","Visakhapatnam","People's Republic of China","United States","European Union","Malta"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental impact assessment","field investigation","supply chain analysis"]},{"id":"glowit-000051","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/glowit-000051","title":"Thousands in DRC could face eviction from Lobito Corridor railway","publisher":{"name":"Global Witness","organization":"global-witness"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/thousands-in-drc-could-face-eviction-from-lobito-corridor-railway/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A Global Witness investigation warns that the rehabilitation of the Lobito Corridor railway in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) threatens low-income residents of Kolwezi with forced evictions. The report highlights a critical gap in legal protections, as the project is governed by the 1977 Law of Expropriation for Public Utility—which only requires compensation—rather than the more stringent 2002 Mining Code. Legal ambiguities regarding land titles, particularly those involving the national rail company (SNCC), and disputes over the width of the railway's buffer zone further expose residents to displacement. The report argues that the EU's Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) could provide a mechanism for accountability for companies like Trafigura and Mota-Engil, provided the law is not weakened by proposed amendments. It concludes with recommendations for the EU, the DRC government, and investors to implement meaningful consultations, independent monitoring, and higher resettlement standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Lobito Corridor railway project, backed by the EU and US to facilitate critical mineral transport, risks causing widespread evictions in Kolwezi, DRC, particularly in low-income areas like the Bel Air neighbourhood.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Displaced persons under the Lobito Corridor project are subject to the 1977 Law of Expropriation for Public Utility, which only mandates compensation, unlike the DRC's Mining Code which requires a higher standard of living for displaced people.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant disagreement among stakeholders regarding the required width of the railway buffer zone, with estimates ranging from 10m (LAR) to 20m (Congolese legislation) and 25m (local authorities in Kolwezi).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Land ownership in Kolwezi is complicated by the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo (SNCC), which previously gave land plots to unpaid workers who then sold them to private individuals, leading to contested titles.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The EU's Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) could hold companies like Trafigura and Mota-Engil accountable for forced evictions, but the 'Omnibus' amendment introduced in February 2025 threatens to weaken these protections.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The railway project may indirectly increase displacement by lowering transport costs, making it more viable for mining companies to expand existing mines or open new ones in populated areas.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"glowit-000051#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["critical minerals","land tenure","climate finance","extractive industry","human rights"],"geography_discussed":["Angola","Zambia","European Union","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["human rights impact assessment","legal analysis","field investigation"]},{"id":"reclfin-000594","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/reclfin-000594","title":"DÉFORESTATION EN AMAZONIE : LA COMPLICITÉ DES BANQUES FRANÇAISES","publisher":{"name":"Reclaim Finance","organization":"reclaim-finance"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://reclaimfinance.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/DEFORESTATION-EN-AMAZONIE_-LA-COMPLICITE-DES-BANQUES-FRANCAISES.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report reveals that BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, Société Générale, and BPCE provided $10 billion in financing to Bunge and Cargill between January 2024 and September 2025, despite the traders' exposure to deforestation risks in Brazil. Analysis shows that Bunge and Cargill are linked to 11,800 hectares of deforestation in the Amazon and 91,000 hectares in the Cerrado during this period. The document criticizes the deforestation policies of the involved banks as insufficient, lacking clear objectives, and opaque in their implementation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Between January 2024 and September 2025, four major French banks—BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, Société Générale, and BPCE—participated in five financial transactions totaling $10 billion for Bunge and Cargill.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Analysis of satellite data identifies a significant risk of soy-related deforestation associated with Bunge and Cargill in Brazil from January 2024 to October 2025, totaling 102,800 hectares across two biomes: 11,800 hectares in the Amazon and 91,000 hectares in the Cerrado.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The deforestation in the Amazon is heavily concentrated in the state of Mato Grosso, specifically within the municipality of São José do Xingu.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Field investigations at Fazenda Macaré in Querencia, Mato Grosso, documented the replacement of tropical forests with soy fields and reported that local farmers and indigenous groups suffer from aggressive aerial pesticide spraying and forest fires.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Amazon Soy Moratorium, established in 2006 to prohibit soy from lands deforested after July 24, 2008, is currently threatened by agribusiness pressure and fails to cover the Cerrado biome.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The deforestation policies of BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, and Société Générale are deemed insufficient because they lack clear objectives to eliminate financing for activities linked to deforestation and ecosystem conversion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Among the four banks, BPCE is the only one that has not yet adopted a formal policy on deforestation, though it has committed to doing so by the end of 2025.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"French banks exhibit a total lack of transparency regarding their exposure to deforestation risks, failing to disclose the number of at-risk companies in their portfolios or the specific amounts financed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues that the term 'zero deforestation' is often used vaguely by companies and banks, and that certification systems like the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) are insufficient to guarantee full traceability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"reclfin-000594#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","climate finance","biodiversity loss","greenhouse gas emissions","indigenous rights"],"geography_discussed":["Mato Grosso","São José do Xingu","Querência","Xingu River","France","United States","European Union"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","satellite monitoring","policy review","field investigation"]},{"id":"sei-001853","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001853","title":"Etat des lieux sur l’expérience de l’Agriculture de Conservation au Niger","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"fr","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/TripleGreenNiger/SEI-TripleGreenNiger-RevueSurLAgricultureDeConservationAuNiger.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report assesses conservation agriculture (CA) in Niger, focusing on techniques like Assisted Natural Regeneration (RNA), Zaï, and mulching. It highlights the positive impacts of RNA on crop yields and soil fertility, particularly in the Maradi region, while identifying constraints such as limited crop residue availability and land-use conflicts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001853#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The use of Faidherbia albida trees improves soil fertility; nitrogen and phosphorus levels under these trees in Niger are estimated to be 200% and 30% higher, respectively, than in open spaces, increasing millet production by 26% for nitrogen and 13% for phosphorus.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001853#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water harvesting techniques such as Zaï (micro-basins) and half-moons (demi-lunes) have demonstrated a strong capacity to regenerate soil productivity compared to degraded soils where results were often null.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001853#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mulching has a positive effect on crop yields by maintaining soil moisture and reducing erosion, though its effectiveness is particularly noted when rainfall is below 600 mm.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001853#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Night-penning of livestock on cultivated lands during the dry season (November-April) restores soil fertility; yields obtained through this method varied between 500 and 1521 kg/ha, compared to 418 kg/ha for the control group.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001853#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Major constraints to the adoption of conservation agriculture in rural Niger include the limited availability of crop residues, competition for phytomass, and potential conflicts with nomadic herders over rehabilitated lands.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001853#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["agroforestry","soil erosion","desertification","food security","precision agriculture"],"geography_discussed":["Maradi Region","Zinder Region","Niamey","Tillabéry","Dosso Region","Aguié","Tahoua I"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["literature review","field investigation","case study"]}]}