{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["exposure assessment"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'exposure assessment' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":6,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=exposure+assessment","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"wwatt-000085","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wwatt-000085","title":"Increasingly severe rainstorms pose growing risk for people and structures build in the floodplains","publisher":{"name":"World Weather Attribution","organization":"world-weather-attribution"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2026-02-26","source_url":"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/increasingly-severe-rainstorms-pose-growing-risk-for-people-and-structures-build-in-the-floodplains/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A study by World Weather Attribution on the impact of nine named storms in the western Mediterranean, finding that while evidence is uncertain, there is a trend toward increased intensity of extreme heavy rainfall events, particularly in northern regions, exacerbated by urban development in floodplains.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000085#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Since 16 January, nine named storms impacted the western Mediterranean, causing significant casualties and economic damage: Morocco saw 43 deaths and 300,000 displaced people; Portugal recorded six fatalities and one million people without electricity; and Spain saw over 12,400 evacuations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000085#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Observational data since 1950 indicates an increase in the intensity of 1-day maximum rainfall (Rx1day) by approximately 36% in the southern region (Southern Portugal/Southwest Spain and Northern Morocco) and 29% in the northern region (Northern Portugal/Northwest Spain).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000085#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate model simulations show a combined increase in rainfall intensity of about 11% in the northern region, though models failed to reproduce the observed intensity trend in the southern region.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000085#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"High levels of exposure were driven by tourism-driven urban expansion into floodplains and the presence of informal settlements in Morocco with limited infrastructure and housing quality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000085#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While evidence is characterized as highly uncertain, the findings suggest an overall increase in the intensity of the most extreme heavy rainfall events.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wwatt-000085#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["flood","extreme event attribution","extreme weather event","urban planning","disaster risk reduction","early warning system"],"geography_discussed":["Sierra de Cádiz","Mediterranean Sea"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["attribution study","exposure assessment"]},{"id":"sei-001350","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001350","title":"Exposure to barbeque smoke in Vientiane, Lao PDR","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2023-01","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/exposure-barbeque-smoke-sei2023.001.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the health risks associated with charcoal grilling in Vientiane, Lao PDR, finding that workers—particularly women—face high levels of PM2.5 exposure. It highlights a lack of social protections in the informal food economy and recommends multi-sectoral collaboration to improve ventilation, promote clean fuels, and formalize labor contracts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"PM2.5 concentrations at 14 grill sites averaged 85 μg/m3, exceeding the Lao air quality standard of 50 μg/m3. Levels varied from nearly 22 μg/m3 to a maximum of 255 μg/m3, with higher average concentrations (143 μg/m3) found in markets than in restaurants, specifically noting extremely high levels in Nongdouang Market.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant majority of grill workers (83% of 362 respondents) are exposed to charcoal smoke for at least eight hours per day, six to seven days per week. Workers using indoor grills are approximately three times more likely to develop respiratory symptoms than those working outdoors.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender disparities are prevalent in the grilled food sector, where nearly three-quarters of workers are women. Female workers are almost three times more likely to develop respiratory symptoms than men, potentially due to longer working hours and additional exposure to biomass fuels during domestic cooking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women in the sector face unequal working conditions and pay; they are more likely to work without assistants (48% vs 40% for men) or work entire shifts without breaks. Gendered perceptions label men as better suited for \"skilled\" grilling (e.g., beef or goat), while women are assigned lower-paid tasks like cleaning and serving.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Grill workers operate within the informal economy and lack essential social protections, including formal employment contracts, paid sick leave, and contributions to national health insurance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks is generally available, it is not used consistently because workers find them hot and uncomfortable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001350#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["air pollution","clean cooking","social protection"],"geography_discussed":["Nongdouang Market"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["exposure assessment","gender analysis","policy recommendation"]},{"id":"sei-000276","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-000276","title":"In-kitchen aerosol exposure in twelve cities across the globe","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022-04-25","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/publications/in-kitchen-aerosol-exposure-in-twelve-cities-across-the-globe/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study identifies fuel type, kitchen volume, cooking methods, and ventilation as the primary drivers of in-kitchen particulate matter exposure in low-income homes across 12 global cities. The highest concentrations were found in Dhaka, driven by small kitchen size and extensive frying, while the lowest were in Medellín. The research highlights that charcoal use significantly increases PM2.5 levels compared to natural gas or LPG, and that dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) is more effective at reducing pollutants than natural ventilation alone.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000276#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In-kitchen exposure to particulate matter is primarily influenced by fuel type, kitchen volume, cooking type, and ventilation, with different cuisines leading to varying cooking durations and disproportional exposures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000276#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The highest average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations occurred in Dhaka (185 ± 48 and 220 ± 58 μg m−3 respectively) due to small kitchens and extensive frying, whereas the lowest concentrations were recorded in Medellín (10 ± 3 and 14 ± 2 μg m−3).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000276#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of charcoal in Addis Ababa, Blantyre, and Nairobi increased PM2.5 levels by 1.3 to 3.1 times compared to the use of natural gas or LPG in cities such as Nanjing, Medellín, Cairo, Chennai, São Paulo, and Sulaymaniyah.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000276#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) in Chennai, Cairo, and Sulaymaniyah reduced average in-kitchen PM2.5 and PM10 by 2.3 and 1.8 times, respectively, compared to natural ventilation (open doors) in Addis Ababa, Dar-es-Salaam, and Nairobi.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-000276#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["indoor air quality","particulates","natural gas"],"geography_discussed":["Asia","Latin America","Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative analysis","exposure assessment"]},{"id":"ucs-000698","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ucs-000698","title":"The US Military on the Front Lines of Rising Seas","publisher":{"name":"Union of Concerned Scientists","organization":"union-of-concerned-scientists"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2016-07","source_url":"https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/07/front-lines-of-rising-seas-methodology.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document details the technical approach used by the Union of Concerned Scientists to evaluate coastal flooding risks for US military bases. It describes the use of the NOAA SLOSH model for storm surge, the NOAA Inundation Analysis tool for tidal flooding, and Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) levels for permanent inundation. The analysis utilizes localized sea level rise projections for 2050, 2070, and 2100 based on the 2013 National Climate Assessment. Key caveats include the exclusion of rainfall-induced flooding, the use of worst-case 'Maximum of the Maximum' storm surge scenarios, and the fact that the study provides illustrative snapshots rather than a comprehensive risk assessment of all bases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The analysis of storm surge inundation utilized the NOAA SLOSH model and specifically employed the 'Maximum of the Maximum Envelopes of Water' (MOM), which represents a worst-case scenario for each hurricane category.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sea level rise projections for the years 2050, 2070, and 2100 were based on the Intermediate-High and Highest scenarios from the 2013 National Climate Assessment, provided via Climate Central.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Tidal flooding frequency was assessed using NOAA's online Inundation Analysis tool and a five-year baseline period from 2009-2013 to calculate annual averages of minor coastal flooding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Permanent inundation was determined by analyzing the changing extent of the Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) level, with future projections calculated as the percentage of 'currently dry land' that would be inundated.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study's results may underestimate actual flooding because the SLOSH model does not account for wave setup, run-up, riverine flooding, or rainfall-induced flooding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis is illustrative and not comprehensive; it focuses on a selection of military sites chosen with expert consultation rather than all existing bases on the East and Gulf Coasts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ucs-000698#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sea level rise","storm surge","coastal flood","climate change adaptation","coastal erosion"],"geography_discussed":["Virginia","Eglin Air Force Base","Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodology","exposure assessment"]},{"id":"earjust-002653","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/earjust-002653","title":"Citizen petition requesting that FDA remove its prior sanction of five ortho-phthalates and ban eight ortho-phthalates","publisher":{"name":"Earthjustice","organization":"earthjustice"},"document_type":"statement","language":"en","date_published":"2016-04-19","source_url":"https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/phthalates_petition_2016.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A coalition of environmental and health organizations petitioned the FDA to remove prior sanctions for five ortho-phthalates and ban eight others, arguing that these substances are pharmacologically related and pose cumulative health risks. The petitioners assert that current dietary exposure for women and children exceeds a proposed safety tolerance of 3 μg/kg bw/day, particularly for DEHP, DINP, and DIDP. They argue that the FDA's existing approvals are based on outdated data and that the agency has failed to conduct necessary post-market evaluations since 2008.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The petitioners argue that 30 ortho-phthalates should be treated as a single chemical class because they share a common functional group (diesters of 1,2-dicarboxy-benzene) and similar metabolic pathways.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petition proposes a class-wide Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 3 μg/kg bw/day, based on the lowest numerical tolerance of the most studied member, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biomonitoring data indicates that average dietary exposures for women to diisononyl phthalate (4.8 μg/kg bw/day) and diisodecyl phthalate (3.2 μg/kg bw/day) already exceed the proposed 3 μg/kg bw/day tolerance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petitioners identify a significant data gap, noting that 57% of the 30 ortho-phthalates have not been studied for reproductive, developmental, or endocrine toxicity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petition requests a permanent ban on eight specific ortho-phthalates: Diisobutyl phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, Butyl benzyl phthalate, Dicyclohexyl phthalate, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Diisooctyl phthalate, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and Diisononyl phthalate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petitioners claim the FDA has failed to release results from a Phthalate Task Group formed in 2008 to conduct post-market evaluations of approved ortho-phthalate food additives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Evidence suggests that ortho-phthalates migrate into food not only from final packaging but also from raw material packaging and food handling equipment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The petition highlights that infants are particularly vulnerable, with some studies showing DEHP intake from baby food at 4.2 μg/kg bw/day, exceeding the proposed class tolerance.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"earjust-002653#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Albany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["regulatory petition","toxicological review","exposure assessment"]},{"id":"catf-000744","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/catf-000744","title":"A Multi-City Investigation of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Multiple Commuting Modes Columbus OH, Austin TX, Boston MA, New York City, NY","publisher":{"name":"Clean Air Task Force","organization":"clean-air-task-force"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2010-04-01","source_url":"https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/21093812/CATF_Pub_Diesel_Exhaust_Exposure_Investigation.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report documents that commuters in cars, buses, trains, and ferries are routinely exposed to high levels of diesel exhaust, with ultrafine particles (UFPs) serving as the most sensitive marker of fresh diesel emissions. Findings indicate that diesel soot dominates roadway particulate matter and that in-vehicle exposures are significantly higher than ambient outdoor air, particularly in 'pull' trains and highway tunnels. The study concludes that diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are highly effective at eliminating the soot plume behind vehicles, significantly improving air quality for following commuters and pedestrians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Commuters in cars experience their highest daily exposure to diesel particles during their trip to work, with mean ultrafine particle (UFP) exposures ranging from 4 to 8 times ambient outdoor levels and peak levels reaching 19 to 38 times ambient concentrations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) significantly reduce pollution; chase studies in New York City and Boston showed that DPF-equipped buses and sanitation trucks eliminate the diesel soot plume, whereas conventional buses leave concentrated trails of soot that permeate following cars and sidewalks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Commuter rail coaches are polluted by diesel exhaust, especially in 'pull' configurations where the locomotive is in front. In these cases, mean UFP exposures were 15-20 times outdoor air, compared to 3-5 times in 'push' trains where the locomotive is in the rear.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Underground rail stations, specifically Boston's Back Bay Station, exhibit extreme pollution levels that penetrate passenger coaches when doors open. Peak concentrations at Back Bay reached averages of 1,225 ug/m3 for PM2.5 and 157 ug/m3 for black carbon.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In-vehicle air quality in cars is heavily influenced by ventilation settings; exposures are highest with windows open and lowest when air conditioning or heat is used with the cabin air set to recirculate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Boston commuter ferries show very high short-term diesel smoke levels in passenger cabins, with mean peak exposures for particulate PAH reaching 117 times and black carbon 50 times the ambient outdoor air.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Pedestrians on city sidewalks in Boston and Columbus are exposed to spikes of diesel exhaust as vehicles pass, with average peak exposures for UFPs ranging from 19 to 29 times outdoor ambient levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are identified as the most sensitive indicator of fresh diesel exhaust across all transit modes, showing rapid fluctuations in response to diesel vehicle acceleration and presence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Diesel trucks are the primary source of particulate matter on highways; routes that ban large trucks are characterized by lower exposures to all four measured particle pollutants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electrified subways in New York and Boston generally have low combustion-related pollution, though they exhibit elevated fine particles (PM2.5) likely due to non-combustion rail dust.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report estimates that diesel soot is responsible for approximately 21,000 premature deaths per year in the United States.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"catf-000744#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["particulates","air quality","public health","Transportation emission","biodiesel","compressed natural gas"],"geography_discussed":["United States","California","London","Copenhagen","Amsterdam","Mexico City","Netherlands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["field study","exposure assessment","comparative analysis"]}]}