{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["expert survey"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":46,"relation":"eq"},"page":3,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=expert+survey&page=3","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"newclim-000210","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/newclim-000210","title":"NDC Update Report: The Long and Steep Climb Towards a 1.5°C World","publisher":{"name":"NewClimate Institute","organization":"newclimate-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017-11-13","source_url":"http://www.newclimate.org/resources/publications/ndc-update-report-the-long-and-steep-climb-towards-a-15-degc-world-nov-2017","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a discrepancy between the optimism of national-level experts and the reservations of sector-level experts regarding NDC implementation. While national experts express confidence in policy alignment, sector experts highlight significant challenges in funding, skills, and the alignment of development plans. The findings reveal that only 38% of respondents' governments have quantified resource needs and 90% believe governments must improve their ability to attract private capital. To address these gaps, the report proposes a new diagnostic framework to assess a sector's 'fitness' for decarbonisation and advocates for an 'enhanced benefits approach' that links climate mitigation to broader development goals like energy security and economic growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000210#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a notable gap in confidence regarding NDC implementation between national experts and sector experts. National experts are generally optimistic, whereas sector experts are more critical, particularly concerning the alignment of policies and strategies, which a majority of sector experts view as a \"major challenge to implement NDC/ raise ambition\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000210#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sector-level experts report greater difficulties than national-level experts in accessing finance (63% vs 48%) and express low confidence in government capabilities, with only 38% agreeing that the government possesses the necessary skills to implement effective NDC policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000210#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Financial planning and support for NDCs are insufficient; only 38% of respondents state their government has quantified resource needs, and 90% indicate that governments need to be more effective at attracting private capital. Furthermore, only 17% of respondents believe international funds are effectively tailored to country needs, and 67% find technical support inadequate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000210#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report argues for a new diagnostic tool to assess the 'fitness' of countries or sectors to achieve targets, as current assessments rely too heavily on self-reported data and targets without analyzing the likelihood of achievement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000210#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To build political will for sector transitions, the report suggests an 'enhanced benefits approach' that emphasizes synergies between low-carbon pathways and development objectives, such as increased energy security, employment, and economic growth.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"newclim-000210#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Nationally Determined Contributions","climate finance","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","policy analysis"]},{"id":"sei-002357","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-002357","title":"Advancing climate adaptation practices and solutions: emerging research priorities","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2017-05","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/klein-et-al-2017-adaptation-research-priorities.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the transition of climate adaptation research from descriptive impact assessments to a fourth generation focused on acceleration and implementation. Drawing on the Adaptation Futures 2016 conference, it proposes research priorities across five key messages: managing interconnected risks, fostering diverse partnerships, engaging the private sector, reinforcing the link between research 'on' and 'for' adaptation, and shifting monitoring from process to progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Adaptation research has evolved through four distinct generations: first-generation focused on 'resistance and description', second-generation on 'acceptance and norms', third-generation on 'progress and policy', and the current fourth-generation on 'acceleration and implementation'.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is an urgent need for adaptation to be more radical and experimental because risks are being created faster than they are being reduced, necessitating research into transboundary solutions and the limits of adaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Effective adaptation requires breaking down 'silos' between adaptation experts, other policy domains (such as poverty eradication and disaster risk reduction), and the practitioners who implement actions on the ground.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The private sector is a critical but underutilized actor in adaptation; research is needed to create a 'business case' for adaptation and to develop metrics that express results in terms of costs, risks, and benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A reinforcing dynamic is needed between 'research for adaptation' (decision-driven engagement with decision-makers) and 'research on adaptation' (studying the processes and outcomes of adaptation decisions).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks must shift from measuring process (monitoring and reporting) to measuring progress (monitoring and learning), with a specific focus on avoiding maladaptation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Survey results from adaptation 'champions' indicate that cities and infrastructure are the highest research priorities, while institutions, governance, and public health are perceived as underemphasized gaps.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-002357#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change adaptation","Climate risk assessment","climate finance","maladaptation","disaster risk reduction","Private sector engagement","climate justice","adaptive capacity"],"geography_discussed":["Netherlands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["literature review","policy analysis","expert survey"]},{"id":"iisd-001321","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001321","title":"Emissions Trading in China: An opportunity for renewable energy?","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/emissions-trading-in-china-renewable-energy.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the potential for China to use revenues from a national emissions trading scheme (ETS), expected by 2016, to fund renewable energy. While experts agree that earmarking is feasible, they suggest that funds should target less mature technologies like tidal and geothermal power rather than established wind and solar PV, which are already well-financed. Short-term revenues from auctioning allowances are expected to be small, but long-term potential exists if political will remains constant. Governance challenges include the need for transparency, the harmonization of monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) rules across regions, and the decision between centralizing or localizing fund management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"China operated seven ETS pilots as of November 2014 in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Guangdong Province, Hubei Province, and Shenzhen, with a national scheme planned for 2016.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts believe that auctioning emissions allowances is the primary method for generating revenue, though short-term yields are expected to be low because pilots are currently focused on establishing best practices rather than revenue generation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While earmarking ETS revenue for renewables is considered feasible, experts argue that established technologies like onshore wind and solar PV are already well-financed; instead, they recommend targeting less mature, higher-risk technologies such as tidal and geothermal energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a projected funding gap for renewable energy subsidies; CNREC estimated subsidy costs at US$10 billion to $12 billion per year for 2013\u00132015, with costs potentially outstripping electricity surcharge revenues by approximately US$26 billion over the 12th Five-Year Plan period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governance of the earmarking scheme faces challenges regarding transparency, the need for a cross-departmental or specialized agency, and the difficulty of harmonizing monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) rules across different provinces.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts suggest that public funding from ETS revenues should act as a guidance fund to attract private sector investment through public-private partnerships (PPP), particularly for risky low-carbon projects like carbon capture and storage (CCS).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001321#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["emission trading","renewable energy","carbon price","photovoltaics","onshore wind farm","geothermal energy","carbon capture and storage","measurement, reporting, and verification","public–private partnership","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Beijing","Tianjin","Shanghai","Chongqing","Guangdong","Hubei","Shenzhen","United States","United Kingdom","Germany"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","qualitative analysis"]},{"id":"saiia-001586","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/saiia-001586","title":"Lessons from Electoral Management and Processes in West Africa","publisher":{"name":"South African Institute of International Affairs","organization":"south-african-institute-of-international-affairs"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2014-07","source_url":"https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Occasional-Paper-194.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines electoral management in Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone, highlighting a trend toward independent or hybrid EMB models. It identifies critical challenges including the high cost of elections, executive interference in appointments and tenure, and the complexities of electoral dispute adjudication. The author argues that the effectiveness of EMBs is often undermined by a political culture of impunity and zero-sum politics, despite formal legal guarantees of independence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"West African countries are adopting three primary EMB models: single independent bodies (Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria), multiple independent bodies (Sierra Leone), and hybrid/mixed systems (Cape Verde and Senegal).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Formal legal guarantees of independence do not always ensure actual autonomy, as EMBs with similar legal protections show widely different levels of practical independence based on factors like country size and the balance of power between political parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Executive interference remains a significant hurdle, with presidents in Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria removing or forcing the resignation of EMB members despite constitutional or statutory security of tenure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The cost of conducting elections is increasing across the region, with significant variations in cost per voter that often reflect the stability and democratic history of the environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electoral dispute resolution is a persistent problem, often characterized by delays in the judiciary that can result in cases remaining in adjudication for the entire term of the elected official.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To mitigate judicial delays and conflict, some countries like Ghana and South Africa have implemented non-formal alternative electoral dispute resolution mechanisms (AEDRs) focusing on conciliation over litigation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While constitutional presidential term limits are generally respected across Africa, there is strong public resistance to attempts by incumbents to extend their tenure, as seen in failed attempts in Nigeria and Malawi.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"saiia-001586#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["South Africa","Malawi","Ivory Coast","Kenya","Zimbabwe"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["comparative study","case study","expert survey"]},{"id":"sei-001166","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001166","title":"NATURA HINDAMISE PRAKTIKAST JA KVALITEEDIST 2010","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"et","date_published":"2011-01","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4383.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Natura 2000 impact assessments in Estonia are generally of poor quality, with most EIA reports failing to meet EU requirements. A survey of experts reveals significant gaps in available baseline data, particularly regarding the 'favourable conservation status' of species and habitats, and a lack of specialized ecological expertise among licensed EIA practitioners.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"An analysis of ten EIA reports from 2010 revealed that only one was prepared more or less in accordance with Natura assessment requirements, while in others, information was so deficient that a compliance analysis was not meaningful.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Natura 2000 assessment information is rarely presented as a unified chapter in EIA reports, instead being scattered across different sections, which hinders external evaluation of whether necessary information is present.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a critical lack of quantitative data and agreed-upon indicators for the 'favourable conservation status' of species and habitat types in Estonia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts report that they must frequently conduct additional field studies to clarify species locations and habitat boundaries because existing data is insufficient.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Practitioners tend to rely on the distance from a Natura 2000 site as a primary proxy for impact, rather than analyzing the specific ecological requirements of species and habitats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts suggest that improving quality requires practical guidelines for conducting assessments and targeted training for species experts on EIA/SEA procedures, rather than just retraining EIA experts as biologists.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001166#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["environmental impact assessment","biodiversity conservation"],"geography_discussed":["Finland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["compliance analysis","expert survey"]},{"id":"cmw-000518","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/cmw-000518","title":"The contribution of the CDM to sustainable development in China","publisher":{"name":"Carbon Market Watch","organization":"carbon-market-watch"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2009-12","source_url":"https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/cdm-sustainable-development-_casestudy_biogas_china.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document assesses the contribution of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to sustainable development in China's biogas sector. It finds that while the CDM can attract foreign investment and technology, the lack of transparent national sustainable development criteria and low incentives for CER buyers to prioritize sustainability often lead to poorly designed projects with low efficiency. The study highlights a disparity between the industrial sector, where wastewater treatment is common, and the livestock sector, which faces significant technical and financial barriers. It concludes that the CDM's second objective—advancing sustainable development—is often undermined by a 'race to the bottom' in criteria setting and a lack of international agreement on sustainability standards.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Chinese Designated National Authority (DNA) lacks transparent, publicly available criteria for sustainable development, leading to a situation where projects are rarely rejected for insufficient sustainability contributions, which the authors describe as a \"race to the bottom\".","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"CDM biogas projects in China are predominantly concentrated in the food processing and industrial wastewater sectors, as these companies have more experience with commercial business and stronger pressure to comply with wastewater discharge regulations compared to the livestock sector.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Biogas projects in the livestock sector face severe technical challenges, including sensitivity of micro-organisms to temperature and pH changes, low gas yields from single-input manure, and the inhibitory effects of antibiotics.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Foreign investment and technology transfer are critical for the livestock sector's success, as domestic technology is less developed and commercial farms often lack the capital for high-efficiency plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Gold Standard (GS) is largely ignored in the Chinese biogas market because the additional costs of certification are not offset by the small price premium for GS certificates, and most CER buyers are indifferent to sustainable development objectives.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Household-based biogas programs, such as the one in Hubei Province involving 33,000 digesters, offer higher social and economic benefits—including reduced indoor pollution and lower household expenditures—but face challenges regarding additionality and long-term monitoring.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The livestock sector is particularly hindered by a lack of legal solutions for grid connection and electricity feed-in tariffs that are too low to make biogas plants financially feasible without CDM income.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"cmw-000518#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["clean development mechanism","biogas","sustainable development","Kyoto Protocol","wastewater treatment","renewable energy","technology transfer","feed-in tariff"],"geography_discussed":["Hubei","Henan","Shandong"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","expert survey"]}]}