{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["expert survey"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":46,"relation":"eq"},"page":2,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=expert+survey&page=2","next":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=expert+survey&page=3","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"ipie-000056","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000056","title":"Befragung von Expert*innen zur globalen Informationslandschaft 2024 Auf der Suche nach Lösungen","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"de","date_published":"2024","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/673c7f2bda1d443f814e37d6_SFP2024.1%20-%20FINAL-3_DE.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2024 IPIE expert survey indicates a growing pessimism about the global information landscape, with 63% of respondents expecting it to deteriorate. Experts identify the availability of reliable information and diversity of voices as essential for a healthy landscape, while naming social media platform owners and governments as the primary threats. Generative AI is viewed with mixed sentiment: while 67% hope it can improve content detection and journalism, 63% fear it will amplify biases, harassment, and misinformation. The report calls for support of independent media and improved data access for cross-platform, multidisciplinary research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a growing consensus among experts that the global information landscape is declining, with 63% of respondents expecting it to worsen in the future, an increase from 54% in the previous survey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most critical characteristics of a healthy information landscape are the availability of reliable information (cited by 65% of experts), diversity of voices (42%), and diversity of media ownership (33%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platform owners are identified as the greatest threat to the information landscape, followed closely by local, national, and foreign governments, politicians, and political parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts hold conflicting views on generative AI: 63% believe AI-generated content will have negative effects and fear the amplification of biases, harassment, and misinformation, while 67% hope it will enhance content detection, journalism, and the persuasiveness of reliable information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Researchers in developing countries express greater concern regarding the negative impacts of generative AI and specific threats from messaging apps, social media apps, and national politicians compared to experts in industrialized countries, though they are more optimistic about the efficacy of media literacy and fact-checking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant barriers to researching the information landscape persist, with three-quarters of scientists citing data access as a major challenge; there is a call for more multidisciplinary, cross-platform, and multicultural research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve the information landscape, 77% of experts advocate for the support of free and independent media, alongside campaigns for digital media literacy, fact-checking, and content labeling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000056#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Western Europe","Brazil","Chile","Nigeria","India","People's Republic of China","Eastern Europe","sub-Saharan Africa","Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","meta-analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000058","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000058","title":"2024 글로벌 정보 환경에 대한 전문가 설문 조사 솔루션 검색 정책 입안자를 위한 요약본 2024.1","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"ko","date_published":"2024","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/673c7f36fe3f45d7549386f7_SFP2024.1%20-%20FINAL-3_KO.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2024 IPIE expert survey reveals a growing pessimism about the global information environment, with 63% of respondents expecting it to worsen. Experts identify the availability of accurate information and diversity of voices as the most critical features of a healthy environment, while naming social media platform owners and governments as the primary threats. Generative AI is viewed as a double-edged sword: 63% of experts fear it will amplify bias and misinformation, although 67% see potential for improving content discovery and journalism. The report emphasizes the need for supporting independent media and overcoming data access barriers for researchers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a strong consensus among experts that the most essential characteristics of a healthy information environment are the availability of accurate information (65%), diversity of voices (42%), and diversity of media ownership (33%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Expert pessimism regarding the future of the information environment has increased, with 63% of respondents expecting it to deteriorate, compared to 54% in the previous survey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platform owners are identified as the greatest threat to the information environment, followed by local, national, and foreign governments, as well as politicians and political parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Generative AI is perceived as both a risk and an opportunity: 63% of experts worry it will perpetuate bias, amplify harassment, and increase the volume and persuasiveness of misinformation, while 67% believe it could improve content search, promote journalism, and enhance cross-cultural communication.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Regarding specific AI modalities, experts are most concerned about the negative impacts of AI-generated video and least concerned about AI-generated text.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts from developing countries generally express higher levels of concern regarding the negative impacts of generative AI and the threats posed by specific platforms and actors compared to experts from developed countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve the information environment, 77% of experts support the promotion of free and independent media, alongside digital media literacy campaigns, fact-checking, and content labeling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Researchers face significant barriers to studying the information environment, with three-quarters of respondents citing data access as a primary challenge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000058#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Brazil","Chile","Nigeria","India","People's Republic of China","Western Europe","Eastern Europe","sub-Saharan Africa","Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey"]},{"id":"ipie-000059","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000059","title":"Consulta a Especialistas sobre o Ambiente Global da Informação 2024 À procura de soluções","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"pt","date_published":"2024","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/673c7f3ad96e46f7838924d3_SFP2024.1%20-%20FINAL-3_PT.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2024 IPIE expert consultation reveals a growing pessimism about the global information environment, with 63% of researchers expecting it to worsen. Experts identify the availability of accurate information and diversity of voices as the most critical characteristics of a healthy information environment. The owners of social media platforms, governments, and politicians are cited as the most significant threats. Generative AI is viewed with mixed sentiment: while 63% of experts fear it will amplify disinformation, harassment, and bias, 67% hope it will improve content detection and journalism. Experts advocate for free and independent media, digital literacy, and improved data access for multi-disciplinary research.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the most critical elements of a healthy information environment as the availability of accurate information (cited by 65%), diversity of voices (42%), and diversity of media ownership (33%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is an increasing trend of pessimism regarding the future of the information environment; 63% of respondents expect it to worsen, an increase from 54% in the previous year's consultation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most significant threats to the information environment are identified as social media platform owners, followed by governments, politicians, and political parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Generative AI is perceived as both a risk and an opportunity: 63% of experts believe it has already negatively impacted the global information environment, and 53% believe it will continue to do so over the next five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific concerns regarding generative AI include its potential to increase the volume, personalization, and persuasiveness of disinformation, as well as its role in amplifying harassment and perpetuating biases.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Despite the risks, 67% of experts are hopeful that generative AI can be used to facilitate journalism, improve intercultural and intermodal communication, enhance content detection, and increase the persuasiveness of reliable information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts from developing countries express greater concern over the negative effects of generative AI and specific platforms (such as messaging and social media apps) compared to experts from developed countries, though they are more optimistic about interventions like fact-checking and media literacy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve the information environment, 77% of experts support the existence of free and independent media, alongside digital literacy campaigns, fact-checking, and content labeling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000059#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Western Europe","Brazil","Chile","Nigeria","India","People's Republic of China","Eastern Europe","sub-Saharan Africa","Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","executive summary"]},{"id":"ipie-000060","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000060","title":"Utafiti wa Wataalamu kuhusu Mazingira ya Taarifa za Kimataifa 2024 Kutafuta Masuluhisho","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"sw","date_published":"2024","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/673c7f3dde071b4fa18815c1_SFP2024.1%20-%20FINAL-3_SW.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2024 IPIE expert survey reveals a growing pessimism about the global information environment, with 63% of respondents expecting it to worsen. Experts identify access to accurate information and diverse voices as critical for a healthy environment, while viewing social media owners, governments, and politicians as the primary threats. Generative AI is viewed with mixed sentiment: 63% fear it will increase bias and misinformation, while 67% hope it will improve content discovery and journalism. The report advocates for supporting independent media and improving data access for researchers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the most critical components of a healthy information environment as the availability of accurate information (cited by 65% of respondents), a diversity of voices (42%), and diverse media ownership (33%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is an increasing trend of pessimism regarding the future of the information environment; 63% of those surveyed expect it to deteriorate, an increase from 54% in the previous survey.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platform owners are perceived as the greatest threat to the information environment, followed closely by local, national, and foreign governments, as well as politicians and political parties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Generative AI is viewed as both a risk and an opportunity: 63% of experts believe it promotes bias, harassment, and misinformation, while 67% believe it could enhance content discovery, journalism, and the influence of reliable information.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts in developing countries express higher levels of concern regarding the negative impacts of generative AI compared to those in developed countries, particularly concerning messaging apps, social media platforms, and the actions of politicians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Researchers face significant obstacles in studying the information environment, with three-quarters of respondents identifying data access as a primary challenge.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"To improve the information environment, 77% of experts strongly prefer or prefer supporting independent and autonomous media, alongside digital media literacy campaigns, fact-checking, and content labeling.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000060#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Brazil","Chile","Nigeria","India","People's Republic of China","Western Europe","Eastern Europe","sub-Saharan Africa","Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","policy summary"]},{"id":"ipie-000048","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000048","title":"2023 글로벌 정보 환경에 대한 전문가 설문조사: 기술 정책 및 설계를 위한 교훈","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"et","date_published":"2023-02","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563b1f87688a3e476a79f9a_SFP2023.2%20-%20KO.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey of 289 researchers across 54 countries identifies the availability of accurate information and diversity of opinion as critical features of a healthy information environment. Social media platforms and politicians are viewed as the primary threats globally, though specific concerns vary by political regime: experts in democratic systems emphasize foreign interference and climate misinformation, while those studying autocratic systems highlight threats from central governments and gender-related misinformation. A significant majority of respondents believe the information environment will worsen by 2024, citing a lack of platform data access as a major barrier to research and a lack of accountability for social media companies as a key policy failure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information and diversity of opinion as the most critical characteristics of a healthy information environment. Specifically, 62% of the 289 respondents selected the availability of accurate information as one of the top five elements for ensuring online safety, with 21% ranking it first, while 50% identified diversity of opinion as a key feature.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most severe threats to a healthy global information environment across all political regimes. Approximately 33% of experts across all regimes identified social media platforms as a threat, and 31% of those studying democratic trends specifically named politicians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of threats vary significantly based on the political regime being studied. Experts focusing on autocratic regimes view central governments, state-supported media, and local news outlets as severe threats, whereas those studying democratic regimes are more concerned with foreign interference. Additionally, experts in autocratic contexts worry about misinformation regarding gender, while those in democratic contexts are most concerned with misinformation about climate science and the environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant concern regarding the design and accountability of online content moderation. 66% of experts believe a primary issue is the inability to hold social media companies accountable, and 55% cited poorly designed AI-based content moderation systems as a major concern.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A majority of the surveyed experts hold a negative outlook for the near future, with 54% predicting that the information environment in their area of expertise will deteriorate by 2024, while only 12% expect improvement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The international research community identifies a lack of access to platform data as the primary obstacle to improving the understanding of the global information environment, a sentiment shared by 72% of respondents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000048#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","obsidian"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","cross-national analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000049","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000049","title":"世界の情報環境に関する専門家アンケート（2023年）： 技術政策と設計の教訓","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"ja","date_published":"2023-02","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563b1fb7688a3e476a7a138_SFP2023.2%20-%20JA.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The IPIE 2023 expert survey of 289 scientists across 54 countries identifies the availability of accurate information and diverse opinions as critical for a healthy information environment. Social media platforms and politicians are cited as the most significant threats globally, while researchers highlight a lack of platform data access as a primary barrier to understanding these trends. The report notes a divergence in perceived threats based on political regimes: experts in autocracies emphasize central governments and state media, while those in democracies are more concerned with foreign interference and climate-related misinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000049#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000050","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000050","title":"2023 年全球信息环境专家调查： 技术政策和设计的借鉴经验","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2023-02","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563b1ff42a07151436e3954_SFP2023.2%20-%20ZHCN.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey of 289 scientists reveals that information accuracy and opinion diversity are the most critical features of a healthy information environment. Social media platforms and political actors are identified as the primary global threats, with specific concerns regarding the lack of accountability for social media companies and poorly designed AI-supported content moderation. Experts noted a divergence in perceived threats based on regime type: those studying autocracies emphasize threats from national governments and state media, while those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference. A majority of researchers (54%) predict the information environment in their primary study countries will worsen by 2024, and 72% cite insufficient platform data accessibility as a major research barrier.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000050#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify information accuracy and diversity of opinion as the most essential characteristics of a healthy information environment, with 66% prioritizing accuracy and 50% prioritizing diversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000050#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and political figures are viewed as the top threats to the global information environment across all regime types, with 33% of experts naming social media and 31% of those studying democracies naming politicians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000050#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of threats vary by political regime: experts studying autocracies highlight national governments, state media, and local news mouthpieces, whereas those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000050#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000014","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000014","title":"2023 Expert Survey Results Synthesis Report 2023.3","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://www.ipie.info/research/sr2023-3","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report presents findings from a survey of 289 experts studying 54 countries, defining the information environment as the aggregate of physical, social, and digital surroundings influencing communication. Key findings highlight a consensus that the availability of accurate information is the most critical feature of a healthy environment, while social media platforms and politicians are viewed as the primary threats. The report notes significant disparities based on regime type: experts in democracies are more concerned with foreign interventions and climate misinformation, whereas those in autocracies emphasize threats from local governments and state-backed media. Over half of the experts predict the information environment will worsen in 2024, citing data access and funding as primary research barriers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information as the most critical element for a healthy information environment, with 62% ranking it in their top five and 21% ranking it first. Other highly valued features include diversity of voices (50%), information literacy/education (45%), and technical infrastructure reliability (39%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most significant threats to a healthy information environment across all governmental regimes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of threats vary by regime type: experts studying liberal and electoral democracies view foreign governments as more threatening, while those studying closed and electoral autocracies identify local governments, state-backed media, and local newspapers as greater threats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Concerns regarding misinformation topics are split by regime: experts in democracies are significantly more concerned about climate change and environmental misinformation, while those in autocracies find gendered misinformation more relevant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most concerning topics of misinformation globally are inaccurate health information, election integrity, and broad conspiracy theories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary barriers to researching the global information environment are lack of access to data (72%) and insufficient funding (59%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is widespread pessimism regarding the near future, with over 50% of experts moderately or very confident that the information environment in their country of expertise will worsen in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","cross-national study","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000022","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000022","title":"Expert Survey on the Global Information Environment 2023: Lessons for Technology Policy and Design","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://www.ipie.info/research/sfp2023-2","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE Expert Survey identifies the availability of accurate information and diversity of voices as critical features of a healthy information environment. Experts across different political regimes consistently view social media platforms and politicians as the primary threats to this environment, with specific concerns regarding the lack of accountability for social media companies and the risks of poorly designed AI-powered content moderation. The report argues that improving the global information environment requires a shift in focus toward enhancing technical infrastructure and data accuracy over the development of new content moderation policies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000022#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information and diversity of voices as the most critical elements for a healthy information environment. Specifically, 62% of the 289 respondents ranked the availability of accurate information among the top five most important elements, with 21% ranking it first. Other highly ranked elements include diversity of voices (50%), information literacy/education (45%), technical infrastructure or reliability (39%), diversity of media ownership (37%), and accountability (36%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000022#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most significant threats to a healthy information environment across all political regimes. In democracies, politicians were flagged by 31% of experts, while social media platforms were flagged by 33% of experts studying both democracies and autocracies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000022#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of threats vary by regime type: experts studying closed and electoral autocracies view local governments (17% and 21% respectively) and state-backed media as greater threats than those studying democracies. Conversely, experts in electoral and liberal democracies view foreign governments as more threatening (6% and 7% respectively) than terrorist groups or local governments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000022#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is significant expert concern regarding the content moderation industry, specifically the inability to hold social media companies accountable (66% agreement) and the use of poorly designed AI-powered content moderation (55% agreement).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000022#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that enhancing technical infrastructure and the availability of accurate data has more potential to improve the global information environment than the current focus on creating new policies and content moderation measures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000022#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey"]},{"id":"ipie-000031","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000031","title":"Enquête d'experts sur l'environnement mondial de l'information 2023","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"fr","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aab9dd476f80b9efaa57_SFP2023.2%20-%20FR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey of 289 researchers reveals that information accuracy and diversity of voices are the most critical features of a healthy information environment. Social media platforms and politicians are identified as the primary threats globally, though specific concerns vary by regime type: experts in autocracies highlight national governments and state-backed media, while those in democracies emphasize foreign interference and climate science misinformation. A significant majority of researchers (72%) cite the lack of platform data access as the main barrier to understanding the information environment, and 54% predict further degradation of the environment in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information and a diversity of voices as the most essential characteristics of a healthy information environment. Specifically, 62% of respondents ranked the availability of accurate information among the top five elements for ensuring safe interaction between individuals and information, with 21% ranking it first, and 50% identified diversity of voices as an essential feature.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most significant threats to a healthy global information environment across all regime types. Approximately 33% of experts across all regimes identified social media platforms as a top threat, while 31% of experts studying democracies specifically highlighted politicians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of information threats differ based on the political regime of the country under study. Experts focusing on autocracies identify national governments, state-backed media, and local news outlets as primary threats, whereas experts focusing on democracies are more concerned with foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a divergence in the types of disinformation that concern experts depending on the regime they study: those studying autocracies are concerned with gender-related disinformation, while those studying democracies are more concerned with disinformation regarding the environment and climate science.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts identify significant failures in content moderation, primarily attributing these to a lack of accountability for social media companies (66%) and the use of poorly designed AI-driven moderation systems (55%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary obstacle to improving the understanding of the global information environment is the lack of access to data from platforms, as stated by 72% of the international research community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A majority of experts (54%) believe the information environment in their area of expertise will deteriorate in 2024, while only 12% believe it will improve.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000031#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey"]},{"id":"ipie-000032","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000032","title":"Encuesta de 2023 a expertos sobre el entorno global de la información","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"es","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aabd4112006d552e5f07_SFP2023.2%20-%20ES.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 expert survey by the International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE) highlights a global consensus on the necessity of accurate information and diversity of voices for a healthy information environment. Experts identify social media platforms and politicians as primary threats, with specific concerns regarding the lack of accountability for platform owners and the inadequacy of AI-driven content moderation. The report notes a divergence in perceived threats based on regime type: experts in autocracies emphasize threats from national governments and state-supported media, while those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference and climate science misinformation. A significant majority of researchers (72%) cite the lack of access to platform data as the primary barrier to improving the understanding of the global information environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information and a diversity of voices as the most critical characteristics of a healthy information environment, with 66% prioritizing accuracy and 50% valuing diversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most significant threats to a healthy global information environment across all regime types, cited by 33% and 31% of experts respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a distinct difference in perceived threats based on the political regime: experts studying autocracies highlight national governments and state-supported media, whereas those studying democracies focus on foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Specific types of misinformation are prioritized differently by regime: experts in autocracies are concerned with gender-related misinformation, while those in democracies are most concerned with misinformation regarding climate science.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Content moderation is viewed as problematic, specifically regarding the inability to hold social media companies accountable (66%) and the failure of AI-designed moderation systems (55%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary obstacle to advancing the understanding of the global information environment is the lack of access to data from platforms, as stated by 72% of the international research community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A majority of experts (54%) predict that the information environment in their specific countries of expertise will worsen in 2024, with only 12% expecting improvement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000032#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","cross-national analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000033","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000033","title":"Опрос экспертов о глобальной информационной среде, 2023 г.","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"ru","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aac431f6f4a6fedbc485_SFP2023.2%20-%20RU.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey of 289 researchers reveals that while reliable information and diversity of opinion are seen as hallmarks of a healthy information environment, social media platforms and political actors are viewed as primary threats across different governance regimes. Experts highlight significant failures in AI-driven content moderation and a critical lack of platform data access for researchers. The report notes a divergence in perceived threats: those studying autocracies emphasize national governments and state media, while those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference and climate-related disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of reliable information and a diversity of opinions as the most critical characteristics of a healthy information environment, with 66% prioritizing reliable information and 50% prioritizing diversity of opinion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and political actors are regarded as the most significant threats to the global information environment across all types of political regimes. Specifically, 33% of experts across all regimes cited social media platforms, and 31% of experts studying democratic countries cited politicians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a distinct difference in perceived threats based on the regime type: experts studying autocracies view local authorities and state-supported media as primary threats, whereas those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Disinformation priorities vary by regime; experts focusing on democracies are most concerned with disinformation regarding climatology and ecology, while those focusing on autocracies are concerned with gender-related disinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Content moderation is viewed as highly problematic, with 66% of experts citing the lack of accountability for social media operators and 55% criticizing poorly designed AI-based moderation systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A significant majority of the international research community (72%) identifies the lack of access to platform data as the primary obstacle to improving knowledge about the global information environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The outlook for the information environment is generally pessimistic, with 54% of experts predicting it will worsen in 2024, while only 12% believe it will improve.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000033#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland","United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000034","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000034","title":"استطلاع آراء الخبراء حول البیئة المعلوماتیة العالمیة لعام 2023","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"ar","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aaccbc4b457d7091bf61_SFP2023.2%20-%20AR.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey of 289 researchers across 54 countries identifies the availability of accurate information and diversity of opinion as critical for a healthy information environment. The report highlights social media platforms and politicians as primary threats, while noting that experts in authoritarian regimes fear domestic governments more than those in democracies, who are more concerned with foreign interference. A significant majority of researchers cite the lack of access to platform data as the main obstacle to improving the understanding of the global information environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information and a diversity of perspectives as the most vital characteristics of a healthy information environment, with 66% citing accurate information and 50% citing diversity of opinion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are viewed as the most significant threats to a healthy global information environment across all types of governance systems.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a divergence in perceived threats based on the political system: experts studying democracies are more concerned about foreign interference, while those studying authoritarian regimes view domestic governments, state-backed media, and local media as more dangerous.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Concerns regarding content moderation are primarily driven by a lack of accountability for social media companies (66%) and poorly designed AI-powered content management systems (55%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary barrier to improving the global understanding of the information environment is the inability to access platform data, as reported by 72% of the international research community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A majority of experts (54%) believe the information environment in their areas of expertise will worsen in 2024, while only 12% believe it will improve.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000034#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000035","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000035","title":"Befragung von Expert*innen zur globalen Informationslandschaft 2023","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"de","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aad08f99234fc03c570a_SFP2023.2%20-%20DE.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey identifies the availability of reliable information and diversity of voices as critical for a healthy information landscape. Social media platforms and politicians are viewed as primary threats across all government types, though specific concerns vary: experts on autocracies highlight state-led manipulation, while those focusing on democracies emphasize foreign interference and climate misinformation. A significant majority of researchers cite the lack of access to platform data as the primary obstacle to understanding the global information environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of reliable information and a diversity of voices as the most critical elements of a healthy information landscape, with 66% prioritizing reliable information and 50% prioritizing voice diversity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most significant threats to a healthy global information landscape across all forms of government, each cited by approximately one-third of experts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Threat perceptions differ by regime type: experts focusing on autocracies identify national governments, state-sponsored media, and local news agencies as primary threats, whereas those focusing on democracies are more concerned with foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The nature of misinformation concerns also varies by regime focus, with autocracy experts concerned about gender-related misinformation and democracy experts concerned about climate research and environmental protection misinformation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Content moderation is plagued by a lack of corporate accountability (66% of experts) and poorly designed AI-based systems (55%), while human moderator training is seen as a lesser issue.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary barrier to understanding the global information landscape is the lack of access to platform data, cited by 72% of the international research community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A majority of experts (54%) predict the information landscape in their focus countries will deteriorate in 2024, with only 12% expecting improvement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000035#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","environmental protection","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","meta-analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000036","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000036","title":"Inquérito de especialistas sobre o ambiente global da informação 2023","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"pt","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aae4134c5c08c079bd4b_SFP2023.2%20-%20PT.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The 2023 IPIE expert survey identifies the availability of accurate information and diversity of voices as critical for a healthy information environment. Social media platforms and politicians are cited as the primary threats globally, with specific divergences between autocracies (focused on government control) and democracies (concerned with foreign interference). A majority of experts believe the information environment will worsen in 2024, citing a lack of platform data access as a major research barrier.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information and a diversity of voices as the most critical components of a healthy information environment. Specifically, 66% of experts view correct information as the most important characteristic, and 50% consider the diversity of voices to be fundamental.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are regarded as the most significant threats to a healthy global information environment. One-third (33%) of experts across all regime types identified social media platforms as a top threat, while 31% of those studying democracies highlighted politicians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a distinct difference in perceived threats based on the political regime of the studied country. Experts focusing on autocracies emphasize threats from national governments, state-supported media, and local newspapers, whereas those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Concerns regarding misinformation vary by regime: experts studying autocracies are concerned with misinformation regarding gender issues, while those studying democracies are more concerned with misinformation related to the environment and climate science.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Experts identify significant failures in content moderation, primarily attributing these to a lack of accountability for social media companies (66%) and the use of poorly developed AI-driven moderation systems (55%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The international research community faces a major obstacle in understanding the global information environment due to a lack of access to platform data, a concern shared by 72% of respondents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The outlook for the global information environment is generally pessimistic, with 54% of experts believing the situation in their countries of specialization will deteriorate in 2024, while only 12% expect improvement.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000036#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","cross-national analysis"]},{"id":"ipie-000037","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000037","title":"Utafiti wa Wataalamu kuhusu Mazingira ya Taarifa za Kimataifa 2023","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"executive summary","language":"sw","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/643ecb10be528d2c1da863cb/6563aae8e7d1a2bc1fda125d_SFP2023.2%20-%20SW.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The IPIE 2023 expert survey of 289 researchers reveals that accurate information and diversity of voices are the most critical elements of a healthy information environment. Social media platforms and politicians are identified as the primary threats globally, though specific concerns vary by regime type: experts in autocracies highlight state-led media and local governments, while those in democracies emphasize foreign interference and climate misinformation. A significant majority of researchers (72%) cite a lack of system data access as a major barrier to understanding the global information environment, and 54% predict the situation will worsen in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify access to accurate information and a diversity of voices as the most essential components of a healthy information environment, with 66% highlighting accurate information and 50% valuing diversity of voices.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are viewed as the most significant threats to the global information environment across all regime types, with 33% of experts identifying social media and 31% identifying politicians as top threats in democratic countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Threat perceptions differ by political regime: experts studying autocracies identify national governments, state-supported media, and local government news agencies as primary threats, whereas those studying democracies are more concerned with foreign interference.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a divergence in the types of misinformation that concern experts based on the regime they study; those in autocracies worry about gender-related misinformation, while those in democracies are more concerned with misinformation regarding climate science and the environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Significant concerns exist regarding content moderation, specifically the inability to hold social media companies accountable (66%) and poorly designed AI-driven content moderation systems (55%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A lack of access to system data is a major obstacle for the global research community, cited by 72% of experts as a significant barrier to improving the understanding of the global information environment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The majority of experts (54%) believe the information environment in their professional countries of study will deteriorate in 2024, while only 12% believe it will improve.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000037#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["Switzerland"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey"]},{"id":"costratri-000282","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/costratri-000282","title":"Understanding the Threat of Biological Weapons in a World with COVID-19","publisher":{"name":"The Council on Strategic Risks","organization":"the-council-on-strategic-risks"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-02","source_url":"https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Understanding-the-Threat-of-Biological-Weapons-in-a-World-With-COVID_2022_2_17-1.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report analyzes the evolution of biological weapons threats from the 1940s to the 2010s, noting a shift from battlefield utility and strategic deterrence toward hybrid warfare and assassination tools. It argues that the COVID-19 pandemic acts as a 'game changer' that could either trigger a new era of proliferation or foster unprecedented international cooperation. The authors propose three future scenarios: one where bioweapons become a key component of deterrence, one where the world pivots toward collective biosecurity, and a hybrid world of ambiguous threats driven by disinformation. The report concludes that U.S. policy must rebalance its focus from bioterrorism to state-based threats and increase funding for biodefense.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Historical motivations for biological weapons have shifted from battlefield use and strategic deterrence in the 1940s-1970s toward their utility as asymmetric, covert tools for assassination and regime security in the 2010s.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Expert survey results indicate that 'deniability' has become the most important driver for shaping biological weapons programs in the 2010s, while 'fear of retaliation' and 'difficulty of control after the release of a pathogen' remain consistent inhibitors across all time horizons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new dynamics, including disinformation campaigns by China and Russia suggesting the virus was a U.S. biological weapon, and declarations by Iran regarding the need to increase biological defenses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In a projected 'deterrence' scenario, the perceived asymmetric value of biological weapons increases because the pandemic demonstrated that even low-mortality pathogens can cripple powerful economies and sideline military forces, such as the U.S. naval fleet.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A 'hybrid world' scenario suggests that the line between biodefense and offensive programs is blurring, evidenced by a global surge in BSL-4 laboratories, with 75 such labs in operation, under construction, or planned in 30 countries by 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies three critical failures in U.S. policy: an over-reliance on bioterrorism focus due to the legacy of 9/11, a failure to leverage biotechnology for defense, and declining funding for biological weapons defense.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is described as lacking a strong verification and enforcement regime, which allows countries to potentially strengthen clandestine capabilities while remaining treaty members.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000282#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["United States","Russia","People's Republic of China","Iran","North Korea","Japan","Soviet Union","Iraq","South Africa","Syria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["historical analysis","expert survey","scenario planning","policy assessment"]},{"id":"climtalk-000058","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/climtalk-000058","title":"Why should we protect saline lakes: a global analysis of ecosystem services","publisher":{"name":"ClimaTalk","organization":"climatalk"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021-06-15","source_url":"https://climatalk.org/2021/06/15/why-should-we-protect-saline-lakes-a-global-analysis-of-ecosystem-services/","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study identifies saline lakes as critical aquatic resources that support a high number of threatened species but remain underrepresented in policy and research. Based on a survey of 47 international experts, the research finds that lake size and remoteness are the primary determinants of the provision of multiple ecosystem services. The author argues that the climate crisis and resource exploitation are exacerbating the natural variability of these lakes, necessitating protective strategies and adaptive management to prevent complete degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climtalk-000058#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Saline lakes globally support a significant number of endangered species, with 66 studied lakes collectively supporting 155 IUCN threatened species.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climtalk-000058#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The ability of a saline lake to provide multiple ecosystem services is primarily determined by its size and its remoteness.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climtalk-000058#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Saline lakes are currently threatened by human impacts, specifically resource exploitation and the climate crisis, which increase the lakes' natural variability.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climtalk-000058#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Due to their remoteness, saline lakes are underappreciated in both policy and research, which increases the risk of their complete degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"climtalk-000058#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["ecosystem service","biodiversity conservation","climate crisis"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["global analysis","expert survey"]},{"id":"costratri-000287","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/costratri-000287","title":"THE WORLD CLIMATE AND SECURITY REPORT 2021","publisher":{"name":"The Council on Strategic Risks","organization":"the-council-on-strategic-risks"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2021-06","source_url":"https://imccs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/World-Climate-and-Security-Report-2021.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The World Climate and Security Report 2021 assesses how climate change acts as a threat multiplier for global security, emphasizing the urgent need to move from strategic planning to concrete implementation. It introduces a new Climate Security Risk Matrix to evaluate comparative risks among countries and presents a risk perception survey where experts predict severe-to-catastrophic risks by 2031. The report details regional vulnerabilities, specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and the European Union, and analyzes the role of militaries as first responders and contributors to emissions. It concludes with recommendations for updating international law regarding the law of the sea and geoengineering governance, and calls for deeper integration of climate security into UN and EU institutional frameworks.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Expert projections indicate that climate security risks will escalate rapidly, with most phenomena expected to reach severe-to-catastrophic levels by 2031.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Security experts perceive the disruption of social systems—such as food, water, and infrastructure—as a more pressing threat to global security by 2041 than direct risks to military assets and missions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The global defense sector is the world's largest institutional consumer of hydrocarbons, and its long equipment life cycles create a long-term dependency on fossil fuels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In sub-Saharan Africa, climate change exacerbates violent local conflicts, particularly clashes between farmers and herders in the Sahel, which are intensified by population growth and the proliferation of small arms.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The European Union faces strategic risks from the Arctic, where receding ice opens new trade routes and resource exploration, leading to increased tensions with Russia and China.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant gap between the conceptualization of climate security in policy and the actual implementation of measures on the ground.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Current international law is insufficient to address climate-driven changes to maritime boundaries and the potential risks of unilateral geoengineering.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies India as having the highest relative security risk for riverine flooding.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"costratri-000287#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["national security","geoengineering","sea level rise","food security","water security","natural disaster","deforestation","energy transition","disaster risk reduction"],"geography_discussed":["sub-Saharan Africa","European Union","United States","East Asia","Central America","Brazil","Russia","India","Somalia","Colombia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["risk assessment","policy analysis","regional analysis","expert survey"]},{"id":"polint-000057","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/polint-000057","title":"Gauging Economic Consensus on Climate Change","publisher":{"name":"Institute for Policy Integrity","organization":"institute-for-policy-integrity"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2021-03-30","source_url":"https://policyintegrity.org/publications/detail/gauging-economic-consensus-on-climate-change","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"A global survey of 738 economists who publish in top-tier academic journals reveals a strong consensus that the economic costs of climate inaction exceed the costs of action. The findings indicate that climate change will likely cause major GDP losses, reduce long-term economic growth, and increase economic inequality both within and between nations. Furthermore, the surveyed experts expressed optimism regarding the affordability of zero-emissions technologies and agreed that aggressive targets to achieve net-zero emissions by midcentury are economically justified.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"polint-000057#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a strong consensus among surveyed economists that the economic costs of failing to act on climate change are greater than the costs of taking action, making immediate and aggressive emissions reductions economically desirable.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"polint-000057#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economists predict that climate change will lead to significant GDP losses, a decline in long-term economic growth, and an increase in economic inequality both globally and domestically.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"polint-000057#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The surveyed experts believe that zero-emissions technologies are viable and affordable, and that pursuing net-zero emissions by midcentury is justified by a cost-benefit analysis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"polint-000057#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions reduction","gross domestic product","Net-zero emissions"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey"]}]}