{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["ex-post evaluation"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'ex-post evaluation' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=ex-post+evaluation","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-002973","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002973","title":"Global Goals and the Environment: Progress and prospects","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2015-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/global-goals-and-environment-progress-prospects.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"null","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Global progress on MDG-7 was uneven, and the report concludes that no target was expected to be achieved everywhere by 2015. Data limitations in many countries significantly constrained consistent reporting and the ability to visualize progress.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global forest area decreased slightly from 32% to 31% between 1990 and 2010, with significant declines in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Southeastern Asia and Oceania. The remaining forests are often of lower quality due to the rise of industrial plantations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels rose from 21,550 to 31,387 million tonnes/year between 1990 and 2010. While developed regions saw a 4% decrease, emissions tripled in some rapidly developing regions like Southeastern Asia, and per capita emissions in developing regions grew from 1.66 to 3.16 tonnes/person/year.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The phase-out of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) is a major success, with almost 98% of these substances eliminated globally. Developed countries almost completely eliminated ODSs, while developing countries achieved an 86% reduction compared to 1990 levels.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Marine fish stocks are heavily overexploited, with 29% of the 600 monitored stocks considered beyond safe biological limits in 2009. Only about 10% of commercially valuable marine fisheries are monitored, often irregularly.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water stress affects approximately 30% of the global population. In 2006, the global average of total water resources used was 9.2%, but usage exceeded 50% in Caucasus and Central Asia, Western Asia, and Southern Asia.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Terrestrial and marine protected areas increased from 8.3% to 14% between 1990 and 2012, with the highest growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, 6 of 14 global biomes have less than 10% protection, and the proportion of species threatened with extinction rose from 7.9% to 8.7%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The target to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water was met by 2010, with global access increasing from 76% to 89%. However, a significant urban-rural divide remains, with 19% of rural populations lacking access compared to 4% in cities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Access to improved sanitation facilities is unlikely to meet the 2015 target of 75% for the developing world, reaching only 56% in 2010. In sub-Saharan Africa, access improved by only 4% between 1990 and 2010, reaching 30% coverage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While the proportion of urban populations living in slums decreased in most regions, the absolute number of slum dwellers increased from 650 million in 1990 to 863 million in 2012.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Strong interlinkages exist between environmental goals and human development; for example, in sub-Saharan Africa, improvements in access to clean water and sanitation correlate with significant improvements in maternal health.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002973#insight-11","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["deforestation","carbon dioxide emissions","water scarcity","biodiversity loss","climate change","green growth","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["Vietnam","Singapore","Norway","South Korea","Namibia","Eritrea","Angola","Burkina Faso","Egypt","Senegal","sub-Saharan Africa","Latin America and the Caribbean","Southeast Asia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["ex-post evaluation","trend analysis","interlinkage analysis"]},{"id":"wri-001481","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/wri-001481","title":"Case Study: China Loess Plateau","publisher":{"name":"World Resources Institute","organization":"world-resources-institute"},"document_type":"case study","language":"en","date_published":"2015","source_url":"https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/WRI_Restoration_Diagnostic_Case_Example_China.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The restoration of China's Loess Plateau, supported by the Chinese government and the World Bank, utilized terracing and afforestation to combat severe soil erosion and sand storms. While the project significantly increased grain output, reduced sediment in the Yellow River by 99%, and boosted rural incomes, it faces sustainability risks. These include a high percentage of farmers who would recultivate slopes if subsidies end, low survival rates of non-native tree species, and concerns that large-scale afforestation may exacerbate water shortages in a warming climate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The restoration project achieved significant environmental and agricultural gains, including a 99% reduction in water sediment between 1998 and 2007, which decreased sediment entering the Yellow River by approximately 300 million tons annually. Agricultural productivity improved, with per capita grain output rising from 365 kg to 591 kg per year between 1999 and 2005.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic benefits for local communities included a 159% increase in income in the Yangshuo watershed from 1997 to 2003 and the creation of approximately 89,600 hectares of new farmland through terracing. The project also facilitated a shift from grain production to higher-value activities, such as the cultivation of apricots and walnuts and the introduction of dairy cattle and Kashmiri sheep.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Chinese government's 'Grain for Green' program and World Bank investments provided critical financial incentives, including a payment for ecosystem services of US$49/hectare/year for two to eight years and US$122/hectare for seeds and seedlings.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Long-term sustainability is threatened by financial dependency; a survey indicated that 56% of farmers would return to cultivating sloping land once subsidies cease in 2018. Some researchers argue the eight-year payment period is too short for restored land to generate sufficient yields or for robust markets to develop.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ecological failures occurred due to poor species selection and management, with some non-native trees planted in grassland areas and low survival rates for certain species. For example, only 25% of 400,000 Chinese pine trees planted in northern Shaanxi survived.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Climate change poses a risk to the project's technical design, as large-scale afforestation on loess soils may increase water shortages due to higher evapotranspiration in a warming and drying regional climate.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of check dams to reduce soil erosion has been criticized for negative hydrological impacts; by 2007, 73% of check dams in northern Shaanxi were found to be unfit for flood control.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"wri-001481#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["afforestation","soil erosion","land degradation","climate change","carbon sequestration","Sustainable land management","agroforestry"],"geography_discussed":["Beijing","Yellow River","Shaanxi","Yangshuo County"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["case study","ex-post evaluation"]}]}