{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["cross-national study"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'cross-national study' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=cross-national+study","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"afripo-000196","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/afripo-000196","title":"Youth Inclusion in Green Technology in Africa: A Policy Landscape Analysis of Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana","publisher":{"name":"Africa Policy Research Institute","organization":"africa-policy-research-institute"},"document_type":"policy brief","language":"en","date_published":"2025-09-30","source_url":"https://afripoli.org/youth-inclusion-in-green-technology-in-africa-a-policy-landscape-analysis-of-nigeria-kenya-and-ghana","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document examines the intersection of green technology and youth employment in Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana. It finds that while these countries have established frameworks for clean energy, e-mobility, and climate-smart agriculture, there is a persistent lack of coherence between climate policies and youth employment strategies. The analysis highlights that youth are often excluded from policy-making and that interministerial cooperation is inadequate, hindering the potential for green tech to address high youth unemployment and NEET rates in sub-Saharan Africa.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000196#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"African countries face significant policy and institutional barriers to green tech development, including a lack of interministerial cooperation and the exclusion of young people from the policy-making process. Policy documents frequently prioritize gender mainstreaming over youth inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000196#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In Nigeria, the solar mini-grid sector has grown rapidly, with over 200 local and international companies active, compared to fewer than 20 a decade ago. However, the policy landscape is only moderately coherent, lacking an integrated strategy to link renewable energy objectives with youth employment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000196#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Kenya's e-mobility sector is emerging as a pathway to decarbonize transport, with over 50 youth-led startups and USD 26 million in new funding in 2021. Despite this, there is a critical need for targeted strategies to explicitly link e-mobility policies to youth employment, as current frameworks like the Integrated National Transport Policy do not fully integrate informal sectors into the transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000196#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ghana utilizes climate-smart agriculture (CSA) to address climate risks and youth unemployment, with the Climate Smart Agriculture Investment Plan (2022) identifying a USD 389.5 million investment requirement for projects potentially benefiting 1.7 million farmers. However, coherence remains weak, as the National Climate Change Policy (2013) fails to address green job creation through CSA technologies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"afripo-000196#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electromobility","Climate-smart agriculture","renewable energy","Net-zero emissions","decarbonization","green job","climate finance","electric vehicle"],"geography_discussed":["Africa","sub-Saharan Africa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["policy landscape analysis","cross-national study"]},{"id":"ipie-000014","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ipie-000014","title":"2023 Expert Survey Results Synthesis Report 2023.3","publisher":{"name":"International Panel on the Information Environment","organization":"international-panel-on-the-information-environment"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023","source_url":"https://www.ipie.info/research/sr2023-3","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report presents findings from a survey of 289 experts studying 54 countries, defining the information environment as the aggregate of physical, social, and digital surroundings influencing communication. Key findings highlight a consensus that the availability of accurate information is the most critical feature of a healthy environment, while social media platforms and politicians are viewed as the primary threats. The report notes significant disparities based on regime type: experts in democracies are more concerned with foreign interventions and climate misinformation, whereas those in autocracies emphasize threats from local governments and state-backed media. Over half of the experts predict the information environment will worsen in 2024, citing data access and funding as primary research barriers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Experts identify the availability of accurate information as the most critical element for a healthy information environment, with 62% ranking it in their top five and 21% ranking it first. Other highly valued features include diversity of voices (50%), information literacy/education (45%), and technical infrastructure reliability (39%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social media platforms and politicians are perceived as the most significant threats to a healthy information environment across all governmental regimes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Perceptions of threats vary by regime type: experts studying liberal and electoral democracies view foreign governments as more threatening, while those studying closed and electoral autocracies identify local governments, state-backed media, and local newspapers as greater threats.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Concerns regarding misinformation topics are split by regime: experts in democracies are significantly more concerned about climate change and environmental misinformation, while those in autocracies find gendered misinformation more relevant.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most concerning topics of misinformation globally are inaccurate health information, election integrity, and broad conspiracy theories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The primary barriers to researching the global information environment are lack of access to data (72%) and insufficient funding (59%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is widespread pessimism regarding the near future, with over 50% of experts moderately or very confident that the information environment in their country of expertise will worsen in 2024.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ipie-000014#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["climate change disinformation","digital divide"],"geography_discussed":["United States"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["expert survey","cross-national study","comparative analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001789","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001789","title":"The conflict – inequality trap? How internal armed conflict affects horizontal inequality","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12-12","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/d6348de7-ee47-440b-89e9-d794d051622d/The Conflict-Inequality Trap How Internal Armed Conflict Affects Horizontal Inequality.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The paper examines the relationship between internal armed conflict and horizontal inequality, using regional disparities in human development as a proxy. The authors find that high-intensity, long-duration conflicts (over 1,000 battle deaths and lasting more than 5 years) are associated with significantly higher levels of horizontal inequality in infant mortality, wealth, and education. This inequality persists for many years, with declines only appearing 10-15 years after conflict termination. Sub-national analysis suggests that regions directly exposed to fighting suffer more, further widening the gap. Preliminary findings indicate that neither peace agreements nor UN peacekeeping operations significantly mitigate these increases in horizontal inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"High-intensity, long-duration conflicts—defined as those with more than 1,000 battle deaths lasting over five years—are associated with substantially higher levels of horizontal inequality in the post-conflict phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Low-intensity and short-lived conflicts (lasting 1-5 years) do not show a systematic link to increased levels of horizontal inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The increase in horizontal inequality following high-intensity conflict is observed across multiple human development indicators, including infant mortality, wealth, and education, though not significantly for access to electricity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Increases in horizontal inequality are enduring; declines in infant mortality inequality are only statistically significant in the late post-conflict stage, 10-15 years after the conflict ends.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Sub-national analysis indicates that regions directly exposed to armed conflict experience higher infant mortality rates than regions not affected, suggesting that localized destruction and disruption drive horizontal inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Preliminary evidence suggests that peace agreements, including comprehensive peace accords, do not effectively alleviate horizontal inequality in the late post-conflict phase.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The presence of UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs), regardless of mandate size or budget, does not show a discernible mediating effect on reducing post-conflict horizontal inequality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001789#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Colombia","Sri Lanka","South Sudan"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cross-national study","panel data analysis","sub-national analysis"]},{"id":"prio-001506","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001506","title":"Justice during armed conflict: A new dataset on government and rebel strategies","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/6b139e81-28a9-4f2f-92e6-ac563715f2a1/Justice during Armed Conflict A New Dataset on Government and Rebel Strategies.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The authors present the During-Conflict Justice (DCJ) dataset, which catalogues 2,205 justice processes across 204 internal armed conflicts in 108 countries between 1946 and 2011. The research identifies that DCJ is a common tool, appearing in over 60% of conflicts since WWII, with governments being the primary adopters (70.4%). The study finds that democratic governments are more likely to use DCJ, particularly trials, truth commissions, and reparations, compared to autocracies. Rebel groups tend to use DCJ more frequently when fighting democracies and as their own relative military strength increases. Analysis suggests that government-initiated DCJ is correlated with a reduction in battle deaths in the following year and a higher likelihood of the conflict ending in a negotiated settlement rather than a military victory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The During-Conflict Justice (DCJ) dataset covers 2,205 justice processes across 204 internal armed conflicts in 108 countries from 1946 to 2011, revealing that over 60 percent of conflicts since the Second World War included at least one DCJ process.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Governments are the dominant users of DCJ, initiating 70.4% of all processes, while rebel groups are responsible for 10.3%. Rebels are more likely to employ trials, purges, and amnesties than capacity-intensive processes like reparations and truth commissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Democratic governments are more likely to utilize DCJ than anocracies or autocracies, particularly in the use of trials, truth commissions, and reparations to investigate and remedy wrongdoings involving civilians.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The use of trials has increased significantly since 1946, with a notable rise in the mid-1990s that exceeds the overall increase in the number of ongoing armed conflicts, aligning with the 'justice cascade' theory.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is an inverse relationship between rebel strength and government DCJ use; as rebels become stronger, government use of DCJ decreases. Conversely, rebel use of DCJ increases as they gain strength and capacity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Government-initiated DCJ is associated with a decrease in conflict intensity; 38% of conflict years with government DCJ saw a reduction in battle deaths the following year, compared to 19% for years without such processes.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The likelihood of a conflict ending in a negotiated settlement doubles when the government initiates at least one DCJ process, while the likelihood of a military victory decreases from 37% to 23%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001506#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Uganda","Sri Lanka","Thailand","Israel","Peru","Guatemala","Ethiopia","Bangladesh","India","Haiti","Angola","Liberia","Rwanda","Nepal","Middle East","Europe","Asia","Africa","Americas"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","dataset introduction","cross-national study"]},{"id":"prio-001850","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001850","title":"Water Resources, Institutions, & Intrastate Conflict","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/7470af16-c8ae-4661-816a-dfa60986eaac/Water Resources Institutions and Intrastate Conflict.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research examines the link between water scarcity and intrastate conflict, arguing that the relationship is not deterministic but is mediated by domestic political institutions. Using a simultaneous equations model for 98 countries (1981–2000), the authors find that while water scarcity does not directly increase the probability of conflict, it does negatively impact the likelihood of democratic institutions emerging. Crucially, the study finds that democratic regimes are more effective at mitigating the risk of conflict in water-scarce conditions. The authors suggest an 'ecological trap' where water scarcity promotes autocracy, which in turn fails to manage resources effectively, potentially leading to a cycle of scarcity, autocracy, and conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The study finds no evidence for a direct, deterministic relationship where water resource scarcity independently increases the probability of intrastate conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Democratic institutions act as a mediating factor that reduces the likelihood of violent intrastate conflict, particularly in the context of water scarcity.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Water scarcity has a statistically significant negative impact on the emergence of democratic governance, making water-scarce countries more likely to be autocratic.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The research supports the 'ecological trap' hypothesis, suggesting a feedback cycle where unfavorable environmental endowments and bad institutions exacerbate scarcity and undermine political reform.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Intrastate conflict itself negatively impacts the stability and type of political regime, increasing the likelihood of autocracy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic development, measured by GDP per capita, is positively associated with the presence of democratic institutions and negatively associated with the probability of conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study identifies a significant convex relationship between urbanization and the presence of democratic institutions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001850#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["water scarcity","environmental degradation","climate change","urbanization","agricultural productivity"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Uzbekistan","Turkmenistan","Kyrgyzstan","Tajikistan","Ghana","New Caledonia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative analysis","simultaneous equations model","cross-national study"]}]}