{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["cross-national"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'cross-national' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=cross-national","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"prio-001245","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001245","title":"Does Gender Equality Matter? The Effect Of Gender Equality On Protest Campaign Success","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":"2022","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/364073cc-fc3c-46df-8f5e-765628d74bb6/Birthe_Einen Master Thesis 2022.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The study finds that higher levels of women's political empowerment are positively associated with the success of nonviolent resistance campaigns and negatively associated with the success of violent campaigns. Using the NAVCO 2.1 dataset and the Women's Political Empowerment Index (WPEI), the author argues that gender equality shapes both the societal norms regarding the legitimacy of violence and the opportunity structures for recruitment. While the results for nonviolent campaigns are robust across various specifications, the findings for violent campaigns are more sensitive to how time dependency is handled. The author concludes that gender-related dynamics are critical structural elements in understanding the outcomes of collective action.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a positive significant relationship between women's political empowerment and the likelihood of nonviolent campaign success.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a negative significant relationship between women's political empowerment and the success of violent resistance campaigns.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The effect of women's political empowerment on campaign success differs significantly based on the primary tactic used, as shown by a significant interaction term in the logit model (p < 0.001).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The author hypothesises that gender inequality promotes violent campaigns by fostering norms of 'militarised masculinities' and creating a 'male surplus' that eases recruitment for armed groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Gender equality is theorised to increase nonviolent success by promoting norms of mutual respect and expanding the mobilisation pool to include more women.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Women's Political Empowerment Index (WPEI) is a more effective predictor of campaign success than other proxies such as fertility rates, literacy ratios, or infant mortality.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Individual subcomponents of the WPEI (civil liberties, civil society participation, and political participation) do not show statistically significant effects on their own, suggesting that empowerment operates as a multidimensional macro-concept.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The model for nonviolent campaign success is robust across different specifications, but the model for violent campaign success is sensitive to the method used to handle time dependency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The inclusion of WPEI improves the predictive power of the models, though out-of-sample generalisability for nonviolent campaigns remains poor (AUC < 0.70).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study found no evidence of selection bias that would invalidate the use of a single-stage logistic regression model for the main analysis.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001245#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["India","Nigeria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative","logistic regression","cross-national","time-series"]},{"id":"prio-001870","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001870","title":"Women Peace and Security Index 2017/18","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2017","source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/a3129717-b11f-49d9-834d-f46fb5fdcc3e/WPS-Index-Report-2017-18.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Index ranks 153 countries based on 11 indicators across three dimensions: inclusion (education, employment, parliamentary representation, cellphone use, and financial inclusion), justice (legal discrimination, son bias, and discriminatory norms), and security (intimate partner violence, community safety, and organized violence). Iceland ranks first (.886), while Afghanistan and Syria rank last (.385). The report finds that while some countries perform well across all dimensions, many exhibit unbalanced achievements; for example, Latin America performs well on justice but poorly on inclusion. The index also highlights a disconnect between national income and women's well-being, noting that countries like Saudi Arabia rank significantly lower on the index than their per capita income would suggest. Additionally, the report analyzes the specific impact of conflict on security, noting that women in conflict-affected states face a 35 percent higher risk of intimate partner violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The WPS Index ranks 153 countries, covering over 98 percent of the world's population, using a score from 0 to 1. Iceland is the top performer with a score of .886, while Afghanistan and Syria are tied for the lowest rank with scores of .385.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The index identifies a pattern of unbalanced achievement across its three dimensions. For instance, Latin America and the Caribbean show strong performance in justice but poor performance in inclusion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant discrepancy between a country's per capita income and its WPS Index rank. Saudi Arabia ranks 89 places lower on the WPS Index than its global income ranking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Women in fragile or conflict-affected states face a 35 percent higher risk of intimate partner violence compared to women in other developing countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report identifies a global gender gap of approximately 7 percentage points regarding whether women feel safe walking alone at night in their community.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Son bias is most severe in Azerbaijan and China, both recording 116 boys born for every 100 girls.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2010 and 2015, China and India accounted for the vast majority of 'missing girls' globally, with China having 5 million and India 4 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Discriminatory norms regarding women's employment are highest in Pakistan, where 73 percent of men disagree that it is acceptable for women in their family to have a paid job outside the home.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the security dimension, the United States ranks 66th, largely due to intimate partner violence rates that are more than 10 percentage points above the mean for developed countries.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Organized violence is highly concentrated; in recent years, Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, and Syria have accounted for two-thirds of total global deaths from organized violence.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001870#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["gender equality","human rights","Sustainable Development Goals"],"geography_discussed":["Iceland","Afghanistan","Syria","Saudi Arabia","People's Republic of China","India","Pakistan","United States","Central African Republic"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative","comparative","cross-national"]},{"id":"prio-001289","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001289","title":"Coercion, Co-optation, or Cooperation? State Capacity and the Risk of Civil War, 1961\u00132004","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/34c24c46-0f3c-40ff-8317-c03f17c354d9/Coercion Co-optation or Cooperation State Capacity and the Risk of Civil War 1961-2004.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research evaluates three dimensions of state capacity—coercion (revenue extraction), co-optation (government spending), and cooperation (trust in institutions)—to determine their impact on the onset of civil war. Using a global dataset, the authors find that high government spending and trustworthy institutions (proxied by contract-intensive money) are significant predictors of civil peace, whereas coercive capacity (relative political capacity) has little predictive power when controlling for other factors. The findings suggest that civil peace is co-produced through social cooperation and the provision of public goods rather than through state repression.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"High levels of government spending and trustworthy institutions are more significant predictors of civil peace than a state's coercive capacities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The state's capacity for revenue extraction, used as a proxy for coercive capacity (Relative Political Capacity), shows no significant relationship with the risk of civil conflict onset when control variables are included.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Increased government expenditure relative to GDP is associated with a reduced risk of armed conflict; for example, shifting from the 5th to the 95th percentile of spending (approx. 7% to 27% of GDP) almost halves the annual predicted probability of conflict from 3.1% to 1.7%.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Trust in state institutions, proxied by Contract Intensive Money (CIM), significantly reduces the risk of civil war. Increasing CIM from the 5th to the 95th percentile reduces the annual predicted probability of onset by 54% (from 4.1% to 1.9%).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The pacifying effect of government expenditure is strengthened in political systems with high levels of executive constraints, suggesting that the provision of public goods is more critical for peace than private rent-seeking.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The traditional correlation between high GDP per capita and civil peace may be largely explained by the presence of good institutions (CIM), as GDP per capita loses statistical significance when CIM is included in the model.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Control variables consistent with previous research were found: more populous countries, semi-democratic regimes, and oil-exporting countries generally face a higher risk of civil conflict.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001289#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":[],"geography_discussed":["Tanzania","Benin","The Gambia","Malawi","Kenya","Mozambique","Ivory Coast","Sierra Leone","Republic of the Congo","Algeria"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative","cross-national","longitudinal"]},{"id":"prio-001334","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/prio-001334","title":"Does Being Bound Together Suffocate, or Liberate?","publisher":{"name":"Peace Research Institute Oslo","organization":"peace-research-institute-oslo"},"document_type":"research paper","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/2dbb3c16-fa42-413b-8b88-a287586b9656/Does_Being_Bound_Together_Suffocate_or_Liberate_Th-2-41.pdf?inline=true","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The research finds a strong positive association between overall globalization and its three components—economic, social, and political—and the respect for basic human rights, contradicting 'race to the bottom' theories.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"There is a statistically significant positive relationship between overall globalization and government respect for physical integrity rights. For every 1 unit increase in globalization, there is a 0.01 increase in human rights scores.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic globalization has a direct positive effect on the respect for human rights, a result that remains significant even when controlling for income and income growth rates.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Social globalization, which includes personal contacts and information flows, is positively associated with human rights respect, suggesting that increased social connectivity may deter states from harming individuals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Political globalization, characterized by closer ties between governments and participation in international organizations, correlates positively with increased respect for human rights.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The positive relationship between globalization and human rights is robust across different samples, including a specific analysis of 93 developing countries, and holds when using alternative estimation methods like ordered probit and 2SLS IV.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"When controlling for endogeneity using the 2SLS IV method, the positive effect of globalization on human rights is amplified; a standard deviation increase in the globalization index increases the PIR score by roughly 0.95, compared to 0.26 in the POLS method.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Democracy is consistently and positively associated with the respect for physical integrity rights across all models.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Certain factors are associated with higher human rights violations, including larger country size, oil export dependency (the 'resource curse'), and the presence of civil war.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The study finds that the positive effect of market integration on human rights may explain some of the effects typically attributed to per capita income alone.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"prio-001334#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["human rights"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative","cross-national","longitudinal"]}]}