{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["carbon accounting"]},"warnings":[{"code":"facet_value_not_in_vocabulary","message":"Value 'carbon accounting' for facet 'analysis_type' is not in the controlled vocabulary."}]},"total":{"value":6,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=carbon+accounting","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"sgr-000178","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sgr-000178","title":"The Environmental Impacts of the UK Military Sector","publisher":{"name":"Scientists for Global Responsibility","organization":"scientists-for-global-responsibility"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2020-05","source_url":"https://www.sgr.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-05/SGR-DUK_UK_Military_Env_Impacts.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that the UK military-industrial sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, estimating a total carbon footprint of 11 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for UK military spending in 2018. It criticizes the Ministry of Defence (MOD) for selective reporting, noting that figures in the main text of annual reports cover less than one-third of total direct emissions. Beyond climate impacts, the document highlights a poor record in managing radioactive waste from nuclear submarines and warheads, and warns of catastrophic global cooling and famine should the UK launch its nuclear weapons. The author argues that only a fundamental shift in security strategy—away from long-range force projection toward territorial defence and human security—can align the military sector with climate goals.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Ministry of Defence (MOD) is accused of selective reporting in its annual reports, with the author estimating that the figures provided in the main text represent less than one-third of the MOD's total direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Using a production-based approach, the UK military-industrial sector's GHG emissions for the 2017–18 financial year were estimated at 6.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, a figure exceeding the direct CO2 emissions of approximately 60 nations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total carbon footprint of UK military spending in 2018, using a consumption-based approach, was approximately 11 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, which is more than 11 times the figures quoted in the main text of MOD annual reports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"BAE Systems is identified as the largest GHG emitter among UK-based arms companies, accounting for roughly 30% of the total emissions for the national arms industry.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report suggests that significant reductions in military GHG emissions are unlikely due to planned spending increases, the expansion of overseas bases, and the deployment of high-energy vehicles like the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MOD and its contractors are described as having a poor multi-decade record of managing radioactive waste, characterized by spiralling costs, major delays, and occasional prosecutions for safety and environmental lapses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The UK's retired nuclear submarine program is severely delayed; 20 submarines have been retired since 1980, but none have completed full disposal, leaving over 4,500 tonnes of hazardous material to be managed.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) at Aldermaston stores approximately four million litres of radioactive waste in about 19,500 drums, some of which are beyond their design life and require urgent repackaging.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report concludes that the launch of UK nuclear weapons could cause catastrophic global cooling and a 'nuclear famine' by injecting smoke into the atmosphere and blocking solar radiation, similar to scenarios modeled for regional nuclear wars.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-9","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MOD is largely exempt from civilian environmental regulations under Crown Immunity, relying instead on internal Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) that lack consistent external verification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sgr-000178#insight-10","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["greenhouse gas emissions","carbon footprint","renewable energy","environmental regulation"],"geography_discussed":["Iraq","Syria","Bahrain","Aldermaston","Sellafield"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["environmental impact assessment","carbon accounting","policy analysis"]},{"id":"ciel-001042","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/ciel-001042","title":"Oil, Gas and the Climate","publisher":{"name":"Center for International Environmental Law","organization":"center-for-international-environmental-law"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2019-12","source_url":"https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/oilGasClimateDec2019.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document argues that current oil and gas expansion plans are incompatible with Paris Agreement goals, as emissions from existing fields alone would likely exceed the 1.5°C limit. It highlights a projected USD 1.4 trillion investment in new extraction between 2020 and 2024, primarily in North America, and calls for a managed phase-out of fossil fuels supported by government bans on new licenses and a shift toward renewable energy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Emissions from currently operating oil and gas fields globally are sufficient to push global warming beyond 1.5°C, even if coal use were eliminated immediately and cement emissions were significantly reduced.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Between 2020 and 2024, the oil and gas industry is projected to invest USD 1.4 trillion in new extraction projects, with a primary focus on offshore and shale resources.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"North America is the primary driver of near-term expansion, accounting for 85% of new supply between 2020 and 2024; U.S. expansion alone is described as making a global safe phase-out by 2050 virtually impossible.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Every major International Oil Company (IOC) has approved new projects that do not comply with the Paris Agreement, and 25 companies are responsible for nearly half of the production to 2050 resulting from expansion in the next five years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The document rejects reliance on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) as viable solutions, citing that large-scale carbon dioxide removal is unproven and BECCS would require land equivalent to nearly half of the world's crop-growing area.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A managed phase-out of production is presented as feasible, noting that stopping new project approvals would allow global extraction to fall by 13% in five years and over 30% by 2030.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"ciel-001042#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon budget","Paris Agreement","shale gas","carbon capture and storage","bio-energy with carbon capture and storage","just transition","renewable energy","fossil fuel subsidy","fossil-fuel divestment","methane emissions"],"geography_discussed":["United States","Canada","Argentina","Brazil","Ecuador","Guyana","Denmark","Norway","United Kingdom","Australia","Costa Rica","France","New Zealand","Belize"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["industry analysis","policy assessment","carbon accounting"]},{"id":"sei-001583","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001583","title":"Carbon Footprint of Housing in the Leeds City Region – A Best Practice Scenario Analysis","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2008","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/sei-2008-wp-leeds-best-practice.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies that the Leeds City Region must reduce housing-related CO2e emissions by 38 million tonnes by 2026 to align with national 2050 targets. The most impactful measure is the major retrofit of existing homes, which could provide 53.2% of the required reduction. Other essential measures include behavioural change (22%), low and zero carbon technologies (12.4%), and stricter new build standards (9%). The study concludes that a combination of these measures, supplemented by either external wall insulation, additional LZC installations, or selective demolition and rebuild of inefficient properties, is necessary to meet the target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"To remain on track for an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050, the housing sector in the Leeds City Region needs to reduce its total carbon dioxide emissions by 38 million tonnes between 2010 and 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Retrofitting existing homes is the most effective single measure for carbon reduction, potentially delivering 53.2% of the 38 million tonne target. This involves providing loft insulation to 90% of homes, cavity wall insulation to 95% of eligible homes, energy-saving light bulbs to 90% of homes, and condensing boilers to 90% of gas-heated homes by 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Behavioural change, driven by educational campaigns and incentives like smart metering to achieve an annual energy consumption reduction of 0.6%, is estimated to contribute 22% (8.3 million tonnes) toward the reduction target.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The installation of Low and Zero Carbon (LZC) technologies in 35% of the existing housing stock (approximately 500,000 installations by 2026) would provide a 12.4% reduction, totaling 4.7 million tonnes of CO2e.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ensuring all new homes comply with the Code for Sustainable Homes timetable—reaching 'zero carbon' by 2016—would contribute 9% (3.5 million tonnes) to the required reduction.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A combination of the essential measures (retrofit, behavioural change, LZCs, and new build standards) would leave a shortfall of 1.3 million tonnes. This can be met by one of three optional measures: fitting external wall insulation to 90,000 properties, installing LZC technology in an additional 170,000 homes, or the energy-efficient rebuild of 51,000 poorly performing properties.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Under a 'Continuing Trends' scenario, where historical trends in energy efficiency and population growth persist, total CO2e emissions from housing in the Leeds City Region are projected to increase by 7% to 16% between 2007 and 2026.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001583#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon footprint","energy efficiency","residential building","Building retrofit","greenhouse gas emissions","photovoltaics"],"geography_discussed":["United Kingdom","Yorkshire and the Humber","Harrogate","Kirklees","Calderdale","Leeds","Bradford","Barnsley","York","Craven","Selby","Wakefield","Germany","Sweden"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["scenario analysis","carbon accounting"]},{"id":"sei-001286","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/sei-001286","title":"Greening The Greys","publisher":{"name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","organization":"stockholm-environment-institute"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2007-02","source_url":"https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Future/ClimateChangeandOver50s.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that UK baby boomers (50-64) have the highest carbon footprint due to high spending on travel and consumption, while the oldest group (75+) has the highest climate impact per pound spent, primarily due to home heating. Despite general fear and motivation to act, older adults face barriers such as the cost of public transport and high capital costs for home energy efficiency.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Baby boomers (aged 50-64) possess the highest carbon footprint of any age group in the UK, emitting 13.52 tonnes of CO2 per capita per year, which is 1.5 to 2.5 tonnes more than other age groups.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The carbon emissions of baby boomers are primarily driven by high spending on travel, including car dependency and holidays abroad, as well as eating out and consumables.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Seniors (65-74) have the second highest carbon footprint at 12.10 tonnes of CO2 per capita per year, with home energy emissions 33 per cent higher than the national average.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Elders (75+) have the highest climate impact per pound spent because carbon-intensive home heating represents 40 per cent of their total carbon footprint.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A survey of over 50s in North Yorkshire indicates that 53.7 per cent feel 'fearful' of climate change, and 75 per cent believe the planet is already experiencing its consequences.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While 72 per cent of over 50s feel motivated and 80 per cent believe they should personally take action, they express frustration over barriers such as the cost of public transport and the long payback periods for home energy efficiency investments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a strong consensus among the over 50s that the UK government and business sectors should provide stronger leadership and intervention to facilitate a low-carbon transition.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"sei-001286#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["carbon footprint","transportation","public transport","aviation","Residential heating"],"geography_discussed":["North Yorkshire","Yorkshire and the Humber","Harrogate","Hambleton"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["demographic analysis","attitudinal survey","carbon accounting"]},{"id":"clipolin-000903","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/clipolin-000903","title":"the-forestclimate-nexus-for-the-brazilian-amazon-2bd3357d7a3fbc03.pdf","publisher":{"name":"Climate Policy Initiative","organization":"climate-policy-initiative"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/The-ForestClimate-Nexus-for-the-Brazilian-Amazon.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report identifies a significant opportunity for carbon capture in the Brazilian Amazon, estimating that natural regeneration of deforested areas could sequester up to 26 GtCO₂. It proposes the Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM), a jurisdictional results-based payment system, which could mobilize up to US$ 784 billion over 30 years at a carbon price of US$ 50 per ton. The RDM is presented as a complementary tool alongside JREDD+ (focused on reducing deforestation) and the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF, focused on conserving standing forests) to help Brazil meet its NDC targets and transition to a low-carbon economy.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Natural regeneration of areas already deforested in the Brazilian Amazon has the potential to capture up to 26 GtCO₂.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM) could mobilize up to US$ 784 billion in the Brazilian Amazon over a 30-year period, assuming a carbon price of US$ 50 per ton of CO₂.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Carbon capture potential varies significantly by state; Pará has the highest potential (9.6 GtCO₂), followed by Mato Grosso (7.3 GtCO₂), while Amapá has the lowest (0.1 GtCO₂).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The RDM is designed as a jurisdictional, results-based payment mechanism that remunerates net carbon removals, subtracting emissions from deforestation and agriculture from the carbon captured by restoration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The report proposes a complementary financial architecture for the Amazon: JREDD+ to reduce deforestation, the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF) to conserve standing forests, and the RDM to promote restoration.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The RDM can support Brazil's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which targets a 59% to 67% reduction in net emissions compared to 2005, by providing a path to offset emissions such as the 1.06 billion tons of CO₂ caused by deforestation in 2023.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Brazil possesses existing technical infrastructure to support the RDM, including satellite systems like DETER and PRODES, the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR), and the Amazon Fund.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"clipolin-000903#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["forest restoration","carbon sequestration","carbon credit","nature-based solutions","climate finance","land use","deforestation","Nationally Determined Contributions","Paris Agreement"],"geography_discussed":["Pará","Mato Grosso","Amazonas","Rondônia","Maranhão","Acre","Roraima","Q43695","Amapá","Belém"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic assessment","policy proposal","carbon accounting"]},{"id":"iai-000667","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iai-000667","title":"Crop water relations, bioenergy options and ecosystem services in the La Plata Basin","publisher":{"name":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research","organization":"inter-american-institute-for-global-change-research"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":null,"source_url":"https://iai.int/admin/site/sites/default/files/uploads/2014/03/Final_report_IDRC_Jobbagy.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report examines the ecohydrological impacts of agricultural expansion in the La Plata Basin. In the Pampas, it identifies optimal groundwater depths for corn, soybean, and wheat, and suggests that replacing pastures with annual crops increases flooding risk. In the Chaco-Espinal region, agricultural conversion has led to deep groundwater recharge, salt mobilization, and the emergence of 'new rivers'. In Paraguay, deforestation of the Atlantic Forest increased river water yield from 40% to nearly 70% of rainfall inputs. The report also argues that harvesting biomass from fire-prone dry forests for bioelectricity is more carbon-efficient than soybean biodiesel, which causes significant emissions due to land-use change.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"In the inland Pampas of Argentina, specific groundwater depth ranges optimize crop yields: 1.4–2.5 m for corn, 1.2–2.2 m for soybean, and 0.7–1.6 m for winter-season wheat. Water tables shallower than these ranges are linked to yield drops due to waterlogging and salinity, while deeper tables lead to steady declines as water becomes inaccessible to plants.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The replacement of pastures by annual crops in the western Pampas may have facilitated flooding. Modeling suggests a bimodal behavior under annual crops where lower water consumption and shallower rooting depths create a more flooding-prone situation compared to alfalfa pastures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the Chaco-Espinal region, the conversion of dry forests to annual croplands has triggered deep groundwater recharge and salt migration. This process has led to the development of 'new rivers'—streams that emerged in areas lacking surface water for 9,000 years—causing severe land degradation and infrastructure damage.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Deforestation in the most affected area of Paraguay (130,000 km2) saw forest cover drop from 95% in 1970 to 5% in 2000. This transformation increased the water yield of the river segment between Guaira and Posadas, with the proportion of rainfall reaching the river rising from 40% (1940-1980) to nearly 70% by the end of the study period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Bioelectricity derived from fire-prone dry forests is presented as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and soybean biodiesel. While soybean biodiesel results in net emissions of ~580 g CO2e MJ-1 due to land-use change (taking ~550 years to repay the carbon debt), bioelectricity would offset GHG emissions by 170 to 345 kg CO2e GJ-1.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"In the driest portion of the Chaco region, humans currently capture less than 8% of the primary productivity of native forests through grazing and forestry, with charcoal being the dominant forest product.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iai-000667#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["land use","deforestation","bioenergy","biodiesel","ecosystem service","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Pampas","Chaco-Espinal","San Luis Province","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["ecohydrological analysis","carbon accounting","remote sensing","modeling"]}]}