{"query_echo":{"q":"","filters":{"analysis_type":["System Dynamics Modelling"]},"warnings":[]},"total":{"value":11,"relation":"eq"},"page":1,"page_size":20,"self":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/api/v1/search?analysis_type=System+Dynamics+Modelling","stability":"beta","ai_marking":{"digital_source_type":{"uri":"http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/digitalsourcetype/trainedAlgorithmicMedia","name":"Created using Generative AI"},"notice":"Summary and key insights are generated using artificial intelligence."},"results":[{"id":"iisd-003442","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003442","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) Assessment of Bus Fleet Electrification in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2026-05","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2026-05/savi-bus-fleet-electrification-mongolia-methodological-note.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines the SAVi methodology applied to Ulaanbaatar's bus fleet, utilizing causal loop diagrams and integrated cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) buses to electric vehicles (EVs). It details the indicators used—ranging from GHG emissions and air pollution to retail revenues and employment—and provides the specific data assumptions, such as a 10-year implementation period and a 40% reduction in maintenance costs for electric buses compared to ICE buses.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The SAVi assessment identifies that electrifying the bus fleet in Ulaanbaatar is expected to result in lower air and noise pollution, reduced CO2 emissions, and significant savings in maintenance and fuel costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The analysis uses a causal loop diagram (CLD) to show that electric bus systems can improve economic outcomes by increasing retail revenues around bus stations and increasing overall bus revenues, while also enhancing social outcomes through employment.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"A specific balancing loop in the system dynamics model shows that the potential for CO2 emissions from power generation to limit EV demand is weakened in Ulaanbaatar because the city's electric grid is primarily coal-based.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The assessment is based on a current fleet of 1,303 buses, consisting of 1,213 ICE buses and 90 electric buses, with a proposed 10-year implementation timeline for full electrification.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Data assumptions for the model include a 40% reduction in maintenance costs for electric buses compared to ICE buses and an average annual cost reduction of 7% due to technological improvements in EVs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003442#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["electric vehicle","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","sustainable transport","green infrastructure","carbon dioxide emissions","electrical grid"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["methodological note","integrated cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","scenario analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-002014","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002014","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation Assessment of the Mass Rapid Transit System in Pampanga, Philippines","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"briefing","language":"en","date_published":"2024-08","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-08/savi-mass-rapid-transit-pampanga-philippines.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The document outlines a SAVi assessment for a proposed MRT system in Pampanga, Philippines, consisting of four bus rapid transit (BRT) lines and one light rail transit (LRT) line. It employs system dynamics modelling and causal loop diagrams to compare a 'no action' scenario against the MRT implementation, identifying potential co-benefits such as reduced CO2 emissions, decreased traffic congestion, and increased regional connectivity. The assessment provides a detailed set of assumptions and data sources for calculating capital costs, operational revenues, and avoided costs related to health, accidents, and fuel use.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002014#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The proposed MRT system in Pampanga is designed to include four bus rapid transit (BRT) lines and one light rail transit (LRT) line to improve regional transportation and reduce CO2 emissions and air pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002014#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The SAVi assessment identifies several positive feedback loops associated with the MRT, including increased employment, higher property values and retail revenues around stations, and a reduction in road accidents and noise pollution.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002014#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The total capital investment for all BRT and LRT lines is estimated at PHP 97,177 million, with an additional investment of PHP 32,006 million projected between 2033 and 2046.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002014#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The assessment projects significant economic benefits from the MRT, including a total yearly value of time saved for all lines of PHP 86,962.87 million and total yearly vehicle operating costs saved of PHP 47,365.35 million between 2025 and 2053.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002014#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MRT system is expected to generate total revenues of PHP 49,926 million from 2025 to 2050, while total operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for the same period are estimated at PHP 17,794 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002014#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["bus rapid transit","sustainable transport","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","carbon dioxide emissions","green infrastructure","urban transport"],"geography_discussed":[],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","scenario analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003448","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003448","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation of the Mass Rapid Transit System in Bogota, Colombia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-10/savi-mass-rapid-transit-system-bogota-colombia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the Bogota MRT system using the SAVi methodology, which integrates externalities like health, carbon emissions, and retail growth into a cost-benefit analysis. The analysis considers two demand scenarios (8% and 16% modal shift from private transport) over a 35-year period (2022–2058). While conventional benefit-cost ratios (BCR) are low (0.4 to 0.6), the sustainable BCR (S-BCR) ranges from 1.5 to 2.9, indicating the project is highly profitable from a societal perspective. Key benefits include significant retail revenue increases, health improvements from walking and reduced pollution, and a reduction in CO2 emissions by up to 10.79 million tonnes in the high-demand scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The MRT system is economically viable from a societal perspective, with a sustainable benefit-cost ratio (S-BCR) ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 for the 8% MRT scenario and 1.9 to 2.9 for the 16% MRT scenario, significantly higher than the conventional BCR of 0.4 to 0.6.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The highest discounted cumulative added benefit is attributed to retail revenues, valued at COP 7,904 billion in the 8% MRT scenario and COP 15,897 billion in the 16% MRT scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The MRT system is projected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with avoided CO2 emissions valued at COP 316 billion (5.85 million tonnes) in the 8% scenario and COP 583 billion (10.79 million tonnes) in the 16% scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Health benefits, comprising increased physical activity and reduced air pollution, are valued between COP 3,829 billion and COP 5,306 billion for the 8% scenario, and between COP 7,711 billion and COP 10,852 billion for the 16% scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The economic value of time saved due to improved mobility ranges from COP 1,029 billion to COP 10,287 billion in the 8% scenario and COP 1,992 billion to COP 19,920 billion in the 16% scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Avoided costs from a reduction in traffic accidents are estimated at COP 1,606 billion to COP 2,513 billion for the 8% scenario and COP 3,157 billion to COP 4,941 billion for the 16% scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project is expected to create significant employment, with 8,000 direct and 20,000 indirect jobs during construction (2021–2028), resulting in a cumulative discounted income creation of COP 1,044 billion.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Property value increases near MRT stations are estimated as a one-time benefit, ranging from COP 957 billion (low estimate) to COP 1,915 billion (high estimate) across both demand scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003448#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable transport","carbon dioxide emissions","air pollution","urban transport","climate finance","public transport"],"geography_discussed":["Medellín","India","Chile"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi)","Integrated Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)","System Dynamics Modelling"]},{"id":"iisd-003459","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003459","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation of the Sustainable Transport Strategy in Bogota, Colombia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-03","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-10/savi-sustainable-transport-strategy-bogota-colombia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report applies the SAVi methodology to analyze two scenarios for Bogota's transport infrastructure: a current scenario (2010\u00132022) focusing on BRT and NMT, and a future scenario (2010\u00132058) including the MRT system. The analysis finds that while conventional benefit-cost ratios (BCR) are low (0.3 to 0.6), the sustainable BCR (S-BCR), which incorporates externalities like health, retail revenues, and CO2 emissions, is significantly higher (3.8 to 6.1). The most substantial added benefits are identified as retail revenues and property value increases, while the only negative value is the time lost due to increased walking and cycling. The report concludes that the strategy is an attractive investment that improves quality of life and supports climate targets.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003459#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Sustainable Transport Strategy in Bogota yields positive net results in both analyzed scenarios, making it an attractive investment for Colombia. The current sustainable transport scenario (2010\u00132022) shows cumulative discounted net results between COP 21,551 billion (low estimate) and COP 23,138 billion (high estimate). The future sustainable transport scenario (2010\u00132058) shows cumulative discounted benefits between COP 36,379 billion (high estimate) and COP 45,821 billion (low estimate).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003459#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a significant disparity between conventional and sustainable benefit-cost ratios. The conventional BCR, based only on tangible parameters like investment costs and revenues, is 0.3 for the current scenario and 0.6 for the future scenario. In contrast, the sustainable BCR (S-BCR), which includes a full range of economic, social, and environmental impacts, is 5.8 to 6.1 for the current scenario and 3.8 to 4.5 for the future scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003459#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable transport","bus rapid transit","greenhouse gas emissions","carbon dioxide emissions","air pollution","urban transport","climate finance"],"geography_discussed":["Medellín","India"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","economic valuation"]},{"id":"iisd-002037","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-002037","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation of the Tirana– Durres Railway in Albania","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-02/savi-tirana-durres-railway-albania.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The SAVi assessment of the Tirana–Durres railway in Albania reveals that while the project is not economically viable under conventional financial metrics (BCR of 0.12), it is highly profitable from a societal perspective with a Sustainable Benefit-Cost Ratio (S-BCR) of 4.79. Over a 30-year period (2023–2053), the project is projected to generate cumulative discounted net benefits of EUR 270.34 million. The most significant financial gains come from avoided vehicle operating costs (EUR 96.79 million), followed by health benefits (EUR 44.93 million), time savings (EUR 44.39 million), and avoided accident costs (EUR 41.61 million). The report argues that integrating non-tangible social and environmental externalities—such as reduced CO2 emissions and improved public health—provides a stronger business case for sustainable transport infrastructure in Albania.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"The Tirana–Durres railway project is highly profitable from macroeconomic and societal perspectives, with cumulative discounted net benefits of EUR 270.34 million over a 30-year period (2023–2053).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"There is a stark contrast between the conventional Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and the Sustainable BCR (S-BCR); the conventional BCR is 0.12, while the S-BCR is 4.79, making the sustainable valuation approximately 40 times higher.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Avoided vehicle operating costs, including fuel and maintenance savings from shifting road traffic to rail, represent the largest single benefit at EUR 96.79 million in cumulative discounted value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project is expected to generate significant social benefits, including EUR 44.93 million in health impacts (from increased physical activity and reduced air pollution) and EUR 41.61 million in avoided costs from traffic accidents.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Economic added benefits include EUR 44.39 million from the value of time saved due to reduced congestion and EUR 38.41 million from income creation through new employment in railway construction and operations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The railway will provide environmental benefits by reducing CO2 emissions and other environmental costs, with cumulative discounted values of EUR 19.56 million and EUR 32.08 million respectively.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Total investment costs for the project are estimated at EUR 71.42 million (discounted), consisting of EUR 49.21 million in capital costs and EUR 22.22 million in operations and maintenance (O&M) costs.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The project's direct revenues from railway operations are relatively low, totaling EUR 8.67 million in cumulative discounted value.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-002037#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable transport","carbon dioxide emissions","air pollution","transportation","public transport"],"geography_discussed":["Senegal","Dakar","Indonesia","Bandung"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","economic valuation"]},{"id":"iisd-003449","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003449","title":"A Sustainable Asset Valuation of a Net-Zero Transport Strategy in Indonesia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2024-01","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-02/savi-net-zero-transport-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates three primary net-zero transport scenarios for Indonesia: investment in public transport (Scenario 1), 100% private vehicle electrification powered by renewable energy (Scenario 2), and a mixed approach (Scenario 3). Using the SAVi methodology, the analysis finds that Scenario 3 delivers the highest cumulative discounted net benefit of IDR 6,926.03 trillion (USD 450.1 billion) by 2050. While Scenario 2 offers the most attractive benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.97 due to lower infrastructure costs, Scenario 3 provides the greatest overall societal value by combining 'avoid, shift, and improve' strategies. The report emphasizes that achieving net-zero in transport is inextricably linked to the decarbonization of the electricity supply, as sensitivity analyses show that the current energy mix significantly reduces net benefits.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Scenario 3, which integrates public transport investment, private vehicle electrification, teleworking, and renewable energy, is the most beneficial strategy, yielding a cumulative discounted net benefit of IDR 6,926.03 trillion (USD 450.1 billion) by 2050.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Scenario 2, focusing on 100% private vehicle electrification powered by 100% renewable energy, provides the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) at 1.97, meaning 1.97 IDR is returned for every 1 IDR invested, primarily because it avoids the high costs of public transport infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Scenario 1, which focuses only on electric public transport systems and teleworking, results in the lowest cumulative net benefit among the main scenarios at IDR 1,949.02 trillion (USD 126.7 billion).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The decarbonization of the energy sector is essential for the success of transport strategies; a sensitivity analysis (Scenario 2b) shows that 100% vehicle electrification using the current energy mix (17.6% renewable) reduces net benefits to IDR 2,218.94 trillion compared to IDR 5,905.54 trillion under a 100% renewable energy mix.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Societal benefits from net-zero transport are heavily driven by intangible factors; for Scenarios 2 and 3, over 35% of benefits come from avoided accidents, reduced air and noise pollution, and lower CO2 emissions.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The highest BCR from a household and society perspective is found in Scenario 3 (4.93) and the sensitivity Scenario 2a (5.34), indicating that the majority of benefits accrue to the population rather than the government.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Avoided costs of traffic accidents are a major economic driver for public transport scenarios, contributing IDR 7,447.16 trillion in avoided costs for Scenarios 1 and 3, while Scenario 2 shows no avoided accident costs as vehicle volume remains unchanged.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Electrifying 100% of private vehicles is more effective at reducing CO2 emissions and energy costs than investing solely in public transport; Scenario 3 avoids 15,255 million tons of CO2 by 2050, while Scenario 2 avoids 14,466 million tons.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003449#insight-8","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["vehicle electrification","renewable energy","Grid decarbonization","greenhouse gas emissions","air pollution","bus rapid transit"],"geography_discussed":["Jakarta","Bandung","Surabaya"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","scenario analysis","system dynamics modelling"]},{"id":"iisd-000004","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000004","title":"Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of River Restoration in Greece","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-05-31","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/savi-river-restoration-in-greece","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates three flood risk reduction scenarios in Thessaly, Greece: nature-based infrastructure (NBI), hybrid infrastructure, and grey infrastructure. Using the SAVi methodology, it finds that NBI—consisting of riparian forest and floodplain restoration—offers the highest benefit-to-cost ratio (2.9) over 25 years. Notably, the carbon storage value of NBI (EUR 12.8 million) exceeds the total implementation costs for both NBI (EUR 6.8 million) and hybrid options (EUR 9.3 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000004#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Nature-based infrastructure (NBI) is the most cost-effective option over a 25-year period, with a benefit-to-cost ratio of 2.9, which is higher than the 2.4 ratio for hybrid infrastructure and 1.5 for grey infrastructure.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000004#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The carbon storage value provided by NBI is EUR 12.8 million, a figure that independently exceeds the costs of implementing NBI (EUR 6.8 million) and hybrid infrastructure (EUR 9.3 million).","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000004#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Investment in NBI is justified by additional benefits such as avoided emission costs and increased agricultural production, even before accounting for the reduction in flood damages.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000004#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["nature-based solutions","Flood risk management","carbon capture and storage","climate resilience","biodiversity","agricultural production"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Dire Dawa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["economic valuation","system dynamics modelling","spatial analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000762","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000762","title":"Restoring Wetland Ecosystems in La Mojana, Colombia","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2023-04-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/restoring-wetland-ecosystems-la-mojana-colombia","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report assesses the economic viability of flood mitigation strategies in Colombia's La Mojana region, comparing grey infrastructure, nature-based infrastructure (NBI), and sustainable agriculture. It finds that all considered interventions are investment-worthy, with the potential to avoid over USD 1.26 billion in damages over 30 years.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000762#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"All evaluated infrastructure interventions to reduce flooding in La Mojana are considered investment-worthy, with benefit-to-cost ratios between 2.07 and 26.1.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000762#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The combination of sustainable agriculture, channel and wetland rehabilitation, and additional dam construction could prevent more than USD 1.26 billion (COP 6131 billion) in damages to agriculture, roads, and buildings over a 30-year period.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000762#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The most significant economic benefits from flood protection investments stem from avoided damages to roads and buildings, as well as increased labour income and revenue from agricultural production resulting from improved water management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000762#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["Flood mitigation","sustainable agriculture","climate change adaptation","water management"],"geography_discussed":["Ethiopia","Dire Dawa"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","spatial analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-000170","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-000170","title":"How to Make Investments in Land Rehabilitation Economically Viable","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06-16","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/savi-indonesia-peatland-mangroves","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report utilizes system dynamics modelling and financial analysis to evaluate restoration options for the Katingan peatlands and Belitung mangroves in Indonesia. It finds that sustainable management of these ecosystems provides high societal value across all simulated climate scenarios and offers a cost-effective method for climate change mitigation and community support. However, the report emphasizes that for land rehabilitation to be economically viable and lasting, local communities require additional income sources, such as tourism, to prevent a shift toward environmentally damaging activities like mining and plantations.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000170#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Investing in the restoration of Indonesian peatlands and mangroves is a cost-effective strategy for addressing climate change and supporting local communities, with sustainable management showing high societal value across all simulated climate scenarios.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000170#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The long-term economic viability of land rehabilitation depends on providing local communities with alternative income sources, such as tourism; without these, communities may engage in mining or plantations, which offer lower societal benefits than sustainable land management.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000170#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Indonesia has established targets to restore mangrove ecosystems and 2 million hectares of degraded peatland by the year 2030 as part of its greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-000170#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["peatland restoration","Mangrove restoration","nature-based solutions","climate change mitigation","climate change adaptation","Sustainable land management","carbon sequestration","greenhouse gas emissions"],"geography_discussed":["Namibia"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["financial analysis","system dynamics modelling","societal cost-benefit analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-003453","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-003453","title":"How to Make Investments in Land Rehabilitation Economically Viable","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2022-06","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2022-06/savi-peatland-mangroves-indonesia.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report evaluates the economic viability of restoring peatlands in Central Kalimantan and mangroves in Belitung, Indonesia. It argues that land rehabilitation is most effective when implemented as a package of interventions—such as combining canal blocking, land-use monitoring, and fire suppression for peatlands, or pairing mangrove planting with ecotourism—rather than as isolated measures. For peatlands, the highest societal net benefit (USD 4.136 billion by 2100) is achieved through a combined approach, primarily driven by avoided carbon emissions and fire damages. For mangroves, rehabilitation is deemed economically viable only when linked to additional revenue streams like ecotourism, which provides sustainable livelihoods and prevents land conversion for tin mining. The analysis emphasizes that local community income is critical for long-term success, as without alternative revenue (e.g., carbon payments or tourism), communities may return to environmentally damaging activities.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"A combined package of peatland interventions—blocking canals, revegetating, monitoring land use, and improving fire suppression—yields the highest cumulative net benefit for society, totaling USD 4.136 million by 2100. These gains are primarily derived from avoided carbon emissions and the mitigation of fire-related impacts.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For peatlands, blocking canals is effective for raising the water table, but land-use monitoring is essential to prevent ongoing deforestation and reduce emissions from peat decomposition. Fire suppression alone reduces damages but cannot stop further peatland degradation.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Mangrove rehabilitation in Belitung is only economically viable if it is coupled with an additional revenue source, such as ecotourism. This income is necessary to prevent the conversion of mangrove forests into tin mines.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Ecotourism in the Belitung mangrove area can generate sustainable wages of up to USD 1,600 per capita per year and creates more employment opportunities than tin mining.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Local stewardship is critical for mangrove recovery after extreme events, such as tsunamis. Community recognition of the ecosystem's value can prevent a return to mining after a shock, increasing long-term societal net benefits by USD 6 million compared to ecotourism without stewardship.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Nature-based infrastructure (NBI) for peatland restoration is potentially more cost-effective than grey alternatives. Restoring peatlands avoids 3,951 t of emissions at a cost of USD 36,600 per t CO2e, which is significantly cheaper than the estimated USD 4.13 million per t CO2e for other strategies.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The economic viability of peatland restoration depends on the inclusion of externalities. While conventional financial indicators (excluding emissions and fire costs) often show negative NPVs, the societal NPV for all policies ranges from USD 11 to USD 46 million.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-003453#insight-7","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["peatland restoration","Mangrove restoration","carbon sequestration","ecotourism","climate finance","carbon credit","Flood mitigation","coastal management"],"geography_discussed":["Central Kalimantan","Belitung","Bangka Belitung Islands"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["cost-benefit analysis","system dynamics modelling","financial analysis"]},{"id":"iisd-001769","url":"https://climateinsightsdirectory.org/document/iisd-001769","title":"Measuring the Benefits of Green Public Procurement in Canada","publisher":{"name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","organization":"international-institute-for-sustainable-development"},"document_type":"report","language":"en","date_published":"2019-04","source_url":"https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/measuring-benefits-gpp-canada.pdf","generator":"Climate Insights Directory","generated_fields":["summary","key_insights","climate_tags","geography_discussed","analysis_type"],"summary":{"text":"The report finds that Green Public Procurement (GPP) in Canada provides significant benefits over business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios, particularly in reducing operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. By 2035, sustainable procurement for buildings and vehicles could save nearly CAD 2 billion annually in operating costs. While a 'sustainable plus domestic' scenario for steel and cement increases production costs due to the replacement of imports, it generates higher domestic revenue and employment. The report concludes that GPP reduces total emissions and provides substantial savings when measured by the social cost of carbon.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#summary","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},"key_insights":[{"text":"Implementing a sustainable scenario for public buildings, including retrofits and new construction, reduces total costs by 3% and energy consumption by 6% by 2035 compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#insight-1","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'sustainable plus domestic' scenario for cement and steel production increases domestic revenue and employment by 2035, with the steel sector seeing a 20% increase in both compared to other scenarios because it replaces a significant share of imports.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#insight-2","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"For public vehicles, transitioning to hybrid and electric models (light and dark green scenarios) reduces total costs by 32% compared to BAU by 2035, primarily through reduced fuel expenditures.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#insight-3","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"The 'sustainable plus domestic' scenario is the most effective at reducing total greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in 4,679,798 million tonnes fewer emissions in 2035 than the BAU scenario.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#insight-4","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"Using the social cost of carbon (SCC) to estimate financial savings, the sustainable plus domestic scenario provides the highest savings, reaching CAD 278 million by 2035.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#insight-5","date_modified":"2026-10-23"},{"text":"While sustainable procurement reduces operating costs for buildings and vehicles by nearly CAD 2 billion per year by 2035, the 'sustainable plus domestic' scenario for materials has the highest production costs (CAD 3.6 billion) due to the cost of replacing imported steel.","ai_generated":true,"unit":"iisd-001769#insight-6","date_modified":"2026-10-23"}],"climate_tags":["sustainable procurement","greenhouse gas emissions","energy efficiency","sustainability in construction","electric vehicle","hybrid electric vehicle","low-carbon steel","Building retrofit"],"geography_discussed":["People's Republic of China","Germany","Mexico","United States","South Korea","Japan","Taiwan","Brazil"],"frame_perspective":[],"analysis_type":["quantitative assessment","scenario analysis","system dynamics modelling"]}]}